Temporal variations in the relationship between infant mortality and economic status

Stockwell, Edward G.; Swanson, David A.; Wicks, Jerry W.

doi:10.1007/bf00302464

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Clearly, the findings that these disparities increased between 1970 and 1990 in Arkansas and Indiana do not bode well for these states meeting this goal by 2010. The findings also provide support for the argument by Stockwell, Swanson, and Wicks [16,17] that declining relative standards in living for the low and lower middle SES populations along with the imposition of national policies that limited One of the next steps in this research effort will be to examine how race moderates the effects of SES on life expectancy at birth in Indiana. Swanson and Stockwell [35] found, for example, that while race moderated the geographic association with life expectancy in Ohio, the association was not spurious.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Socioeconomic Status and Life Expectancy in Indiana, 1970-1990~!2010-01-05~!2010-02-01~!2010-04-07~!

Hoque¹,

Swanson²

2010

TODEMOJ

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This paper examines the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and life expectancy in Indiana in 1970 and 1990. SES is of interest because along with race and gender, it is one of the three cornerstones of social stratification in the United States and it has been found to have a strong association with various health outcome measures, including life expectancy. The period 1970 to 1990 is of interest because social welfare programs that were at a peak in 1970 had been significantly reduced by 1990. The analysis shows that high SES populations in Indiana gained an average of half a year of additional life expectancy over low SES populations. These findings support earlier findings that SES plays a role in differential life expectancy subsequent to 1970 and have implications for current national health policy in that one of the two key goals of the US Department of Health and Human Services is the elimination of health disparities by 2010. Suggestions for further research include adding race and ethnicity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Socioeconomic Status and Life Expectancy in Indiana, 1970-1990~!2010-01-05~!2010-02-01~!2010-04-07~!

Hoque¹,

Swanson²

2010

TODEMOJ

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“…the ratio of the infant mortality rate in Area V, the poorest, to that of Area I, the wealthiest, increased from 1•8 to 2•4), the rates for the three middle areas converged around the rate for all areas combined. While risky to try and connect broad up-and-down trends in the economy with changes in infant mortality levels, it has been suggested (Stockwell et al, 1988) that the blurring of the association in 1970, which was also observed in other studies (McMahon et al, 1972;Kitagawa & Hauser, 1973;Antonovsky & Bernstein, 1977;Markides & McFarland, 1982), could be explained in terms of the prevailing socioeconomic environment. That is, during the 1960s maternal and child health care facilities in the United States were expanding, the overall economy was growing fairly rapidly (e.g.…”

Section: General Trends 1960-2000mentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Further justification for the use of the multiple-city aggregates was provided by looking at 1979-81 and 1989-91, the two dates for which data were available for both three-city and multiple-city aggregates, and comparing resulting infant mortality rates. While the multiple-city aggregates yielded somewhat higher levels of infant mortality in all income groups, there were no noteworthy differences between them with respect to the overall pattern of the relationship (see Stockwell et al, 1988, andGoza, 1994).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Racial Differences in the Relationship Between Infant Mortality and Socioeconomic Status

2007

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This study presents an ecological analysis of the relationship between infant mortality and economic status by race in metropolitan Ohio, using census data on mother's residence and economic status determined by the percentage of low-income families living in each area. The analysis updates previous studies as white-non-white comparisons for total infant mortality are examined for the US censuses of 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000; and more detailed period- and broad cause-specific rates are presented for 2000. A pronounced inverse association is consistently found between income status and infant mortality for whites, while for non-whites this pattern first emerges in 1979-81, disappears during the 1980s and then returns more strongly during the 1990s. Similarly, the 2000 data reveal a consistent inverse pattern between income status and infant mortality for white and non-white neonatal and postneonatal death rates, as well as exogenous cause-specific death rates. It is concluded that low-income whites and non-whites have infant mortality rates substantially higher than the overall rate for the population. Policy implications are discussed.

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“…Although research over the years has shown that the specific nature and magnitude of this relationship has varied over time (Kitagawa & Hauser 1973;Antonovsky & Bernstein 1977;Stockwell et al 1988) and from place to place (Statistics Canada 2002), a number of recent studies have documented the continued existence of an inverse association between infant mortality and various indicators of socioeconomic status, not only in the United States (Pappas et al 1993;Mansfield et al 1999;Sohler et al 2003;Gortmaker & Wise 1997;Guest et al 1998) but also in a number of other countries (Quine & Quine 1993;Lynch et al 1994;Bennett 1999;Stainstreet et al 1999;Villanueva & Garcia 2000;Szwarcwald et al 2002). At the same time, however, still other studies have challenged both the universality and the strength of the relationship (Lynch et al 2004;Finch 2003;Mellor & Milyo 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Infant Mortality and Socioeconomic Status: New Bottle, Same Old Wine

Stockwell

Goza

Balistreri

2005

Popul Res Policy Rev

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This paper presents the results of an ecological analysis of the relationship between infant mortality and economic status in metropolitan Ohio for the period 1960-2000. The data examined are centered on the five censuses undertaken during this 40-year period. The basic unit of analysis is the census tract of mother's usual residence, with economic status being determined by the percentage of low income families living in each tract. For each of the five periods covered, census tracts were aggregated into broad income areas and three-year average infant mortality rates were computed for each area, by age, sex, race and exogenous-endogenous causes of death. The most important conclusion to be drawn from the data is that in spite of some very remarkable declines in infant mortality at all class levels since 1960, there continues to be a very clear and pronounced inverse association between income status and infant mortality. Indeed, the evidence indicates that the relationship has become stronger over the years. These observations are applicable for both sexes, for whites and nonwhites, for neonatal and postneonatal deaths, and for both major cause of death groups. It is concluded that while public health programs are important, any progress in narrowing this long-standing differential is unlikely unless ways can be found to enhance the economic well-being of the lower socioeconomic groups.

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Temporal variations in the relationship between infant mortality and economic status

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Socioeconomic Status and Life Expectancy in Indiana, 1970-1990~!2010-01-05~!2010-02-01~!2010-04-07~!

Socioeconomic Status and Life Expectancy in Indiana, 1970-1990~!2010-01-05~!2010-02-01~!2010-04-07~!

Racial Differences in the Relationship Between Infant Mortality and Socioeconomic Status

Infant Mortality and Socioeconomic Status: New Bottle, Same Old Wine

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