“…The social and psychological status of patients with SLE is suggested to be a possible risk factor for TMJ disorders due to the common prevalence of muscle hyperactivity, stress, anxiety, and depression in these patients (Hanly, Fisk, McCurdy, Fougere, & Douglas, 2005; Rollman & Gillespie, 2000). Chronic use of corticosteroids in SLE patients may also have effects on condylar changes, including erosions, flattening, sclerosis, and osteophytes (Caramaschi, Biasi, Forno, & Adami, 2012; Gerbracht & Shapiro, 1982; Liebling & Gold, 1981). Therefore, inflammatory process of the SLE is not accepted as the sole reason for the TMJ changes and associated manifestations in these patients (Aliko et al, 2011).…”