“…Deep learning has been shown to be the most effective approach for medical imaging, feature extraction and object categorization. Many researchers have proposed many sorts of deep learning architectures to classify lung cancer (Pang et al , 2020; Tekade and Rajeswari, 2018; Song et al , 2017; Alsabahi et al , 2018; Jin et al , 2016; Huang et al , 2013; Felix et al , 2016; National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, 2011; Kuruvilla and Gunavathi, 2014; Hua et al , 2015; Penedo et al , 1998; Bhaskar and Ganashree, 2021; Rehman et al , 2021; HerbstRs, 2018; Mikołajczyk and Grochowski, 2018; Aisner et al , 2018; Wang et al , 2019; Ran et al , 2021; Kamel et al , 2020; Subetha et al , 2021; Wan et al , 2019; Thomas et al , 2019; Dhiman et al , 2021; Zhang, 2018; Lakshmanaprabu et al , 2019; Monkam et al , 2019; Alakwaa et al , 2017; Rossetto and Zhou, 2017; Fayemiwo et al , 2022).…”