Tendon reflex variability and method of stimulation

Stam, J; Tan, Kai-Leng

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(87)90010-1

Cited by 57 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Since existing reflex scales are rather subjective and qualitative (Manschot et al, 1998), several biomechanical (Simons and Lamonte, 1971;Zhang et al, 1999;Wood et al, 2005) and electrophysiological (Stam and Tan, 1987;Voerman et al, 2005) studies have characterized tendon reflex responses more rigorously. The electrophysiological method of Stam and Tan (1987) uses surface electrodes and a force transducer mounted on the tapping hammer. Biomechanical methods include those of Simons and Lamonte (1971), who proposed kinetic measurements using a force sensor attached to a solenoid-type hammer with a tensiometer placed at the ankle joint, and of Zhang et al (1999), who applied a six-axis torque sensor at the knee joint.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Kinematic quantitation of the patellar tendon reflex using a tri-axial accelerometer

Mamizuka

Sakane

Kaneoka

et al. 2007

Journal of Biomechanics

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Kinematic quantitation of the patellar tendon reflex using a tri-axial accelerometer

Mamizuka

Sakane

Kaneoka

et al. 2007

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…The tendon reflex is of limited use in clinical neurophysiology because of its variability within a subject and between subjects [16,26]. The method of stimulation (tendon tap) has been questioned as the cause of reflex variations, and various kinds of mechanical hammers have been constructed to produce constant and reproducible tendon taps [16,17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method of stimulation (tendon tap) has been questioned as the cause of reflex variations, and various kinds of mechanical hammers have been constructed to produce constant and reproducible tendon taps [16,17]. However, the reproducibility of tendon jerks is no less if a hand-held percussion hammer is used under controlled conditions in humans [16]. They have compared the amplitudes of the tendon reflex with two different hammers using CV values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These latencies varied widely, ranging from a minimum latency of 4.87 ms (DRA=200 mm) to a maximum latency of 12.68 ms (DRA=455 mm). The mixed sensory-motor conduction velocity in the PTR was estimated using the same calculation used for the estimated conduction velocity in the Hoffman (H) pathway [16][17][18] as follows: (DRA × 2)/(L-1), where L is the latency, and 1 ms was subtracted from the denominator as the central synaptic delay. The mixed sensory-motor conduction velocity was estimated as 84.6 ± 5.5 m/s, and the CV was 6.5%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although tendon reflexes can be recorded as the T-wave (electromyographic activity) using surface electrodes from the muscles in response to percussion of the tendon [1,26], a normal visual evaluation by clinical grading of the reflex does not guarantee the normality of the T-wave in humans [28]. Because of the high variability of the tendon reflex within a subject and between subjects, standardization of tendon reflex testing has been described for motor control studies [4,9,17], and for diagnostic testing for peripheral nerves and segmental disorders [16,18] in humans. However, no information is available about the standardization of tendon reflex testing and reference values in dogs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Reference Values of the T-Wave of the Patellar Tendon Reflex in Normal Dogs

Kawasaki

Nagano

Inada

2004

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The T-wave of the patellar tendon reflex (PTR) was recorded in 24 neurologically normal dogs. The surface electromyogram (EMG) was recorded as the T-wave from the vastus lateralis muscle (VL) in response to percussion of the patellar tendon. The di stance of the reflex arc (DRA) was measured along the straight line between the spinous process of L5 and the greater trochanter (GT), and between GT and the patellar ligament (PL). There was a significant correlation (P<0.001) of the latency with the DRA on each side, but no difference in the slopes of the relationships between right and left VL was shown. The regression line between the DRA a nd the latency of all data was Y = 0.0216X + 1.693, where Y = latency in ms, X = DRA in mm. The mixed sensory-motor conduction velocit y was estimated as 84.6 ± 5.5 m/s. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between the DRA and the amplitude of the T-waves. The mean (mean-CV) and standard deviation (SD-CV) of all CV (coefficient of variation) in each dog were 9.14 ± 3.65% in latency and 3.54 ± 1.14% in amplitude, indicating that the use of a simple hand-held reflex hammer is sufficient to record the reproducible T-wave of the PTR even in unanesthetized dogs. This method was applied to a case with minimal paraparesis, and the latency of the T-wave of the PTR in the right hind limb with slight proprioceptive deficit was outside of the upper limit of the 95% confidence interv al between latency and the DRA. In conclusion, this method may be used in neurological diagnosis to quantify more precisely the PTR in dogs. KEY WORDS: canine, paraparesis, patellar tendon reflex, T-wave, 95% confidence interval.

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Effect of cooling foot sole skin receptors on achilles tendon reflex

2016

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This study investigated whether a controlled reduction of foot sole temperature affects the Achilles tendon stretch reflex and plantar flexion. Methods Five stretch reflexes in 52 healthy subjects were evoked by Achilles tendon taps. Short latency responses of 3 muscles of the lower limb and maximal force of plantar flexion were analyzed. Foot sole hypothermia was induced by a thermal platform at various foot temperature conditions: Stage I (25°C), Stage II (12°C), Stage IIIa (0°C), and Stage IIIb (0°C). Results Reduction of plantar cutaneous inputs resulted in a decrease in amplitude of medial gastrocnemius and soleus as well as delays in time to maximal force of plantar flexion. Medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus were affected differently by induced cooling. No inhibition effects in reflexes were observed at 12°C. Conclusions The results suggest that input on the plantar foot sole participates complementarily in the Achilles stretch reflex Muscle Nerve, 2015. Muscle Nerve 53: 965-971, 2016.

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Tendon reflex variability and method of stimulation

Cited by 57 publications

References 9 publications

Kinematic quantitation of the patellar tendon reflex using a tri-axial accelerometer

Kinematic quantitation of the patellar tendon reflex using a tri-axial accelerometer

The Reference Values of the T-Wave of the Patellar Tendon Reflex in Normal Dogs

Effect of cooling foot sole skin receptors on achilles tendon reflex

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