“…However, the problems of low spatial resolution, high spectral dimensionality and lack of labelled samples in HSI pose great challenges to the classification task [10][11][12]. In the early days, researchers proposed a series of feature extraction methods such as principal component analysis [13,14], independent component analysis [15][16][17], and linear discriminant analysis [17,18], and combined them with machine learning classifiers such as support vector machines [19,20], random forests [21,22], and Gaussian mixture model [23,24] to classify the HSI. These methods can effectively alleviate the Hughes phenomenon [25] that classification accuracy decreases with increasing spectral dimension, but because only spectral features are considered and based on manual design, the classification accuracy and applicability are not ideal.…”