Tentative evidence of AIDS-associated biotype of Mycobacterium kansasii

Tortoli, Enrico; Simonetti, M. T.; Lacchini, Carla; Penati, Valeria; Urbano, Paulo Roberto Palma

doi:10.1128/jcm.32.7.1779-1782.1994

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The high rate of isolation of Accuprobe-negative strains previously reported in Europe (12,26,33) was confirmed by our study, which shows that the frequency of Accuprobe-negative M. kansasii strains is high in France.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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Genotypic characterization of five subspecies of Mycobacterium kansasii

et al. 1997

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Different molecular typing methods including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with the major polymorphic tandem repeat (MPTR) probe and the IS1652 probe, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, and PCR restriction analysis of the hsp-65 gene (PRA) were applied to clinical and water isolates of Mycobacterium kansasii. RFLP with the MPTR probe, PRA, PFGE, and AFLP analysis revealed five homogeneous clusters which appeared to be subspecies. RFLP with the MPTR probe and PRA gave patterns specific for each cluster, whereas PFGE and AFLP analysis gave polymorphic patterns. IS1652 was present in two of the five clusters and provided polymorphic patterns for one cluster only. The two IS1652-positive clusters were Accuprobe negative (Accuprobe test; Gen-Probe Inc.), and only two other clusters were Accuprobe positive. A PCR test based on the detection of a species-specific fragment (M. Yang, B. C. Ross, and B. Dwyer, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2769-2772, 1993) was positive for all M. kansasii strains. This PCR test is an accurate, rapid, and specific M. kansasii identification test. No subspecies was particularly more virulent, because all clusters contained clinical strains, from AIDS patients and non-AIDS patients, and environmental strains. Mycobacterium kansasii, like M. avium and M. xenopi, is one of the major pulmonary mycobacterial pathogens. The relative incidence of disease due to these pathogens varies between geographical regions. In the United States, M. avium and M. kansasii are the most frequently isolated mycobacteria, whereas M. kansasii is rare in Australia. However, in some European countries, M. kansasii and M. xenopi infections were more common than M. avium infections before the AIDS epidemic (7). M. kansasii infections are often clustered, mainly in urban areas, as reported in studies in Texas, the Czech Republic, and other regions (7, 11). M. avium predominates in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, and M. avium infection represents the most frequent disseminated infection diagnosed in these patients. However, HIV-infected patients also suffer pulmonary or disseminated infections due to M. kansasii. In some areas, for example, Switzerland, the prevalence of mycobacterial disease due to M. kansasii has been unchanged by the AIDS epidemic, which was not associated with a shift to a predominance of M. avium (7). Unlike tubercle bacilli, human-to-human transmission has never been established for infections due to other mycobacteria. These mycobacterial infections are considered to be acquired from the environment. M. kansasii has been almost exclusively recovered from tap water; other environmental samples are rarely positive (3, 6, 10, 14, 23, 31). M. kansasii was found to be able to survive in tap water for up to 12 months, whereas long-term survival in soil could not be shown (10). Because the M. kansasii isolates found in drinking-water distribution systems are not contaminants from another source but are ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Conventional biochemical tests could not distinguish between the two groups. The commercially available identification probe (Accuprobe; Gen-Probe Inc.) fails to hybridize with the subspecies isolates (12,21,26,33), whereas a specific DNA probe isolated in plasmid p6123 successfully hybridized with M. kansasii isolates, including the genetic subgroup (33).…”

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Genotypic characterization of five subspecies of Mycobacterium kansasii

et al. 1997

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“…There has been a continuing debate on how the differences between M. kansasii subtypes translate into pathogenicity. The prevailing view is that only types I and II are true human pathogens, with the latter having been associated with immunodeficiency, and HIV infection in particular, whereas all the remaining types are considered non-pathogenic, and their sporadic isolation from clinical samples has been interpreted as colonization or environmental contamination (Tortoli et al, 1994;Taillard et al, 2003). Indeed, M. kansasii type I is the most commonly detected among clinical isolates and the predominant cause of M. kansasii disease worldwide (Alcaide et al, 1997;Kim et al, 2001;Gaafar et al, 2003;Santin and Alcaide, 2003;Taillard et al, 2003;Zhang et al, 2004;da Silva Telles et al, 2005;Shitrit et al, 2006;Thomson et al, 2014;Kwenda et al, 2015;Bakuła et al, 2016).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Insights Into the Mycobacterium kansasii Complex: An Update

et al. 2020

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Only very recently, has it been proposed that the hitherto existing Mycobacterium kansasii subtypes (I-VI) should be elevated, each, to a species rank. Consequently, the former M. kansasii subtypes have been denominated as Mycobacterium kansasii (former type I), Mycobacterium persicum (II), Mycobacterium pseudokansasii (III), Mycobacterium innocens (V), and Mycobacterium attenuatum (VI). The present work extends the recently published findings by using a three-pronged computational strategy, based on the alignment fraction-average nucleotide identity, genome-to-genome distance, and core-genome phylogeny, yet essentially independent and much larger sample, and thus delivers a more refined and complete picture of the M. kansasii complex. Furthermore, five canonical taxonomic markers were used, i.e., 16S rRNA, hsp65, rpoB, and tuf genes, as well as the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ITS). The three major methods produced highly concordant results, corroborating the view that each M. kansasii subtype does represent a distinct species. This work not only consolidates the position of five of the currently erected species, but also provides a description of the sixth one, i.e., Mycobacterium ostraviense sp. nov. to replace the former subtype IV. By showing a close genetic relatedness, a monophyletic origin, and overlapping phenotypes, our findings support the recognition of the M. kansasii complex (MKC), accommodating all M. kansasii-derived species and Mycobacterium gastri. None of the most commonly used taxonomic markers was shown to accurately distinguish all the MKC species. Likewise, no species-specific phenotypic characteristics were found allowing for species differentiation within the complex, except the non-photochromogenicity of M. gastri. To distinguish, most reliably, between the MKC species, and between M. kansasii and M. persicum in particular, whole-genome-based approaches should be applied. In the absence of clear differences in the distribution of the virulence-associated region of difference 1 genes among the M. kansasii-derived species, the pathogenic potential of each of these species can only be speculatively assessed based on their prevalence among the clinically relevant population. Large-scale molecular epidemiological studies Jagielski et al. Genomic Insights Into Mycobacterium kansasii Complex are needed to provide a better understanding of the clinical significance and pathobiology of the MKC species. The results of the in vitro drug susceptibility profiling emphasize the priority of rifampicin administration in the treatment of MKC-induced infections, while undermining the use of ethambutol, due to a high resistance to this drug.

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“…More recently, five subtypes have been identified by genotyping of the 16S−23S intergenic spacer region [28]. With some overlap, mainly in genotype MKA‐II, which has been associated with infection in immunosuppressed or AIDS patients [29,30], clinical and environmental isolates are distinct genotypically, which suggests phenotypic differences that determine the ability to cause disease in humans. Genotype MKA‐I is the most common type found among clinical isolates [28,30] and has been isolated only rarely from the environment (unpublished data).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium kansasii in a series of patients without recognised immune defect

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Palou

Haas³

et al. 2004

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 17 patients diagnosed with Mycobacterium kansasii pneumonia within a limited geographical region over a period of 10 years are described. An in-depth evaluation of the innate and adaptive immune systems was performed for five available patients. A comparison was made of the genetic fingerprint patterns of the isolates obtained by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, with the major polymorphic tandem repeat (MPTR) as a probe. Predisposing factors consisted of smoking, airway abnormalities, substance abuse, diabetes or poor general condition, but in two patients no risk factor was identified. In the five patients tested, no abnormalities or deficiencies were detected in the innate or adaptive type-1 immunity. All M. kansasii isolates had identical MPTR RFLP patterns, although no epidemiological connection could be established, and these were identical to those of clinical isolates from Australian patients. These data do not support the theory that defects in the innate or adaptive type-1 immunity have a role in the pathogenesis of invasive M. kansasii infections. The identical fingerprint patterns of the isolates suggested the existence of a virulent strain of M. kansasii.

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Tentative evidence of AIDS-associated biotype of Mycobacterium kansasii

Cited by 27 publications

References 5 publications

Genotypic characterization of five subspecies of Mycobacterium kansasii

Genotypic characterization of five subspecies of Mycobacterium kansasii

Genomic Insights Into the Mycobacterium kansasii Complex: An Update

Pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium kansasii in a series of patients without recognised immune defect

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