Optoelectronic excitations in monolayer MoS2 manifest from a hierarchy of electrically tunable, Coulombic free-carrier and excitonic many-body phenomena.Investigating the fundamental interactions underpinning these phenomenacritical to both many-body physics exploration and device applications -presents challenges, however, due to a complex balance of competing optoelectronic effects and interdependent properties. Here, optical detection of bound-and freecarrier photoexcitations is used to directly quantify carrier-induced changes of the quasiparticle band gap and exciton binding energies. The results explicitly disentangle the competing effects and highlight longstanding theoretical predictions of large carrier-induced band gap and exciton renormalization in 2D semiconductors.
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