Teratogenicity of Phthalate Esters in Rats

Singh, A.R.; Lawrence, W. H.; Autian, John

doi:10.1002/jps.2600610107

Cited by 256 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…There have been many reports on the hepatotoxicity, testicular atrophy, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity as related to PEs. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Recently, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) have in particular been attracting attention as being suspects in disrupting the endocrine system. [7][8][9][10] PEs are considered to be biodegradable and having low bioaccumulation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phthalate Esters Detected in Various Water Samples and Biodegradation of the Phthalates by Microbes Isolated from River Water.

Hashizume

Nanya

Toda

et al. 2002

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Phthalate esters (PEs), especially di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were detected in various water samples such as river water, well water and tap water. On degradation tests of PEs, Tempaku River water degraded almost 100% of diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-isobutyl phthalate and DBP, and approximately 70% of DEHP. All eight isolates from Tempaku River water (R1-R7, D1) did not degrade dimethyl phthalate (DMP), but showed biodegrading ability for the other PEs. The DBP-degrading ability was particularly high for the isolates R1-R3 and D1 of Acinetobacter lwoffii. Crude enzyme solutions prepared from bacterial cells of these isolates showed a higher degrading activity for DEHP compared with that for microbiallydegradable DBP. Particularly high DEHP-degrading activity was found for crude enzyme solutions of the isolate D1. As metabolites from the river water and bacterial isolates, DMP and an unknown diester were produced from DEP. DMP, DEP, monomethyl phthalate, monobutyl phthalate (MBP) and an unknown diester were produced from DBP. DBP, DEP, DMP and an unknown diester were produced from DEHP. As metabolites by the crude enzyme solutions, DMP, MBP and an unknown diester derivative were produced from DBP. DBP, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and an unknown diester derivative were produced from DEHP. Diesters with shortened alkyl carbon chains were also found as metabolites by the isolates and their crude enzyme solutions. The results suggest that the alkyl chains in the diesters are also decomposed in addition to monoester formation from DBP or DEHP at the first step reported for animals and some types of bacteria.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phthalate Esters Detected in Various Water Samples and Biodegradation of the Phthalates by Microbes Isolated from River Water.

Hashizume

Nanya

Toda

et al. 2002

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…Other laboratories, (12,13) also reported an increase in the levels of fetal resorptions in rats after the administration of high doses of DEHP Different phthalates (dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, diisobutyl, dimethoxyethyl, and butylcarbobutoxymethyl phthalate) were studied by Singh et al (13,14) who reported an increased incidence of skeletal anomalies in neonatal rats. Singh et al (14,15) later reported that the IP administration of DEHP to male mice caused feto-or embryotoxicity in females.…”

Section: Teratologymentioning

confidence: 91%

Effects of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) on the Neonate and Aspects of Teratogenic Actions

Thomas¹,

Wienckowski²,

Gillies³

et al. 1986

Environmental Health Perspectives

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A review of the literature reveals that several different phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are capable of causing testicular damage. Phthalate-induced zinc deficiency is consistent with germinal epithelial damage. Among experimental animals, mice perhaps show the greatest sensitivity to phthalate-induced terata, but high doses/exposure are required. Little toxicologic information is available with regard to phthalate-induced effects upon the neonate.

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“…Total and free mono-n-butyl phthalate in human urine samples after medica-tion of a di iso butyl phthalate containing capsule was determined by Seckin et al (6). Singh et al (1972) administared 0.375, 0.75 and 1.25 ml/kg body weight of DIBP by intraperitoneal route on gestation day 5, 10, 15 to the pregnant Sprague dawley rat. They found fetal mortality, growth retardation and skeletal abnormalities (7).…”

Section: Diisobutyl Phthalatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Singh et al (1972) administared 0.375, 0.75 and 1.25 ml/kg body weight of DIBP by intraperitoneal route on gestation day 5, 10, 15 to the pregnant Sprague dawley rat. They found fetal mortality, growth retardation and skeletal abnormalities (7).…”

Section: Diisobutyl Phthalatementioning

confidence: 99%

Ovarian development in Wistar rat treated prenatally with single dose diisobutyl phthalate

Ray¹,

D’Souza²,

Kumar³

et al. 2013

BLL

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Abstract:Phthalates are a class of industrial compounds with an array of toxicological properties used in day to day life. Diisobutyl phthalate on (DIBP) is used as an additive to keep the plastics soft or fl exible (plasticizer) in nitrocellulose plastic, nail polish, explosives, lacquer manufacturing etc. Although DIBP exposure in humans is generally low, people in adhesive industries and pharmaceutical industries are exposed to higher levels. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of single dose of DIBP on developing ovary of Wistar rat. One hundred and eight adult pregnant Wistar rats were divided into control and experimental groups. Rats in experimental group were given DIBP on day 10, 12 and 14 of gestation at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.25 ml/kg body weight dose intraperitoneally in a single dose. Sections of ovaries collected on day 21 of gestation were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined and Masson's trichrome histologically. Sections belonging to the control group showed the presence of oocytes in clusters separated by thin fi brous septa. Degeneration oocytes, empty follicles surrounded by follicular cells without gonocytes in the center were observed in ovarian stroma. Blood vessels in the ovarian stroma were prominent and congested. Around a bunch of follicles total architectural disarray was observed although on special staining fi brosis was not evident. As pregnant women are constantly exposed, effect of DIBP on ovary of a developing fetus would denote the long term consequence in future generations (Fig. 5, Ref. 39 Phthalates are a class of widely used industrial compounds known technically as dialkyl or alkyl aryl esters of 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. The common forms of phthalates are Diethyl hexyl phthalate (DHEP), Diallyl phthalates (DAP), Di-n-propyl phthalates (DPP), Di-n-butyl phthalates (DBP), and Diisobutyl phthalates (DIBP).Phthalates with a variety of toxicological properties are used in day to day life. These phthalates are nearly omnipresent in modern society and are found in the plastic items, vinyl fl ooring, wall coverings, lubricants, adhesives, detergents, nail polish, hair spray and car wash (1).The adverse effects produced by phthalates are changes in morphology, physiology, growth, development or life span of an organism which results in an impairment of functional capacity and ability to compensate for additional stress (2). Diisobutyl phthalateDIBP (phthalic acid ,di isobutyl ester 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid ,bis-(2-methyl propyl) ester di-(isobutyl)-1,2-benzene dicarboxylate) is the branched isomer of DBP and an additive used to keep the plastics soft or more fl exible (plasticizer) often in combination with other phthalates. DIBP is used in nitrocellulose plastic, nail polish, explosive materials, lacquer manufacturing, consumer products, blood bags, pharmaceuticals and automobile parts. They are ubiquitous in our environment and most people including pregnant women and their fetuses are exposed to multiple phthalates at a time. Saillenfait et al estim...

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Teratogenicity of Phthalate Esters in Rats

Cited by 256 publications

References 8 publications

Phthalate Esters Detected in Various Water Samples and Biodegradation of the Phthalates by Microbes Isolated from River Water.

Phthalate Esters Detected in Various Water Samples and Biodegradation of the Phthalates by Microbes Isolated from River Water.

Effects of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) on the Neonate and Aspects of Teratogenic Actions

Ovarian development in Wistar rat treated prenatally with single dose diisobutyl phthalate

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