Teratological and Other Effects of Malachite Green on Development of Rainbow Trout and Rabbits

Identification of Causative Agent for Fungal Infection and Effect of Disinfectants on Hatching and Survival Rate of Bata (Labeo. Bata) Larvae

“…Control of fungus on fish and fish eggs malachite green is widely and effectively used but due to suspected teratogenicity that is potential carcinogenicity and mutagenic properties its use was utmost to the treatment of nonfood fish that is egg or adult salmon held for spawning. The use of malachite green began in 1933 and it was one of the cornerstones used in treatment of fish against different range of parasites [19][20][21][22]. It has been used widely by the aquaculture industry in Europe and all over the world for many years in the deficiency of an authorized veterinary medicinal alternative.…”

Negative effects of malachite green and possibilities of its replacement in the treatment of fish eggs and fish: a review

“…The larvae hatched from treated eggs exhibited an increased frequency of abnormalities (malformation of the head and jaws, spine deformation or missing fins). Although the percentage of eggs that reached the eyed eggs stage after malachite green treatment increased compared with the controls (probably due to reduced fungal infestation of the eggs as a result of the treatment), the increase did not compensate for the loss of larvae due to malformations caused by malachite green treatment (Mayer and Jorgenson, 1983). Fish eggs treated with malachite green also exhibited mitotic defects and chromosomal break points (Mayer and Jorgenson, 1983).…”

“…The brown trout treated with malachite green in their early stages showed a higher incidence of tumours in the abdomen, intestines and liver (Mayer and Jorgenson, 1983).…”

Saprolmycins A–E, new angucycline antibiotics active against Saprolegnia parasitica

“…[3][4][5] In the aquaculture industry, saprolegniasis has been controlled effectively with malachite green, although recent studies have shown this compound to be environmentally toxic. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Research conducted over the past two decades has reported mutagenic, teratogenic and residual unfavorable activities of malachite green leading to its ban in many countries. [7][8][9][10][11][12] A broad-spectrum bactericide substance known as bronopol has been used for preventing saprolegniasis outbreak in salmon and trout eggs populations.…”

“…[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Research conducted over the past two decades has reported mutagenic, teratogenic and residual unfavorable activities of malachite green leading to its ban in many countries. [7][8][9][10][11][12] A broad-spectrum bactericide substance known as bronopol has been used for preventing saprolegniasis outbreak in salmon and trout eggs populations. However, due to its broad bioactivity 13 and demonstrated toxicities against environmental zooplankton and phytoplankton, bronopol products must be heavily diluted before being discarded, thus increasing usage costs significantly.…”