Terminal Velocity of Raindrops Aloft

Foote, G. Brant; Toit, Pieter S. du

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1969)008<0249:tvora>2.0.co;2

Cited by 332 publications

(189 citation statements)

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“…When BB exists, all the BB particles change into raindrops at the BB bottom. When HBB is higher, the height of BB bottom is higher, and the fall speed of raindrops at the height of BB bottom is higher as indicated by Foote and Du Toit (1969). When the fall speed of raindrops is higher at the BB bottom, the fall speed of BB particles inside the BB would be higher.…”

Section: Bb Widthmentioning

confidence: 97%

See 1 more Smart Citation

TRMM PR Standard Algorithm 2A23 and its Performance on Bright Band Detection

Awaka

Iguchi

Okamoto

2009

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

135

114

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Section: Bb Widthmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This could possibly be explained as follows. Foote and Du Toit (1969) demonstrated that the fall speed of raindrops increases with higher altitude because of lower air drag aloft. When BB exists, all the BB particles change into raindrops at the BB bottom.…”

Section: Bb Widthmentioning

confidence: 99%

TRMM PR Standard Algorithm 2A23 and its Performance on Bright Band Detection

Awaka

Iguchi

Okamoto

2009

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

135

114

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“…We use the same definition here. The terminal velocity for a drop was calculated using the ninth-order power law parameterization developed by Foote and DuToit [1969]. Since the LPMs produce binned size and velocity data, all processing decisions were made in order to minimize the number of estimated superterminal drops so that our estimation of the fraction of superterminal drops is conservative.…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further evidence for superterminal raindrops

Larsen

Kostinski

Jameson³

2014

Geophysical Research Letters

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A network of optical disdrometers (including laser precipitation monitors and a two-dimensional video disdrometer) was utilized to determine whether the recent reports of "superterminal" raindrops were spurious results of drop breakup occurring on instrumentation. Results unequivocally show that superterminal raindrops at small (less than 1 mm) sizes are ubiquitous, are measurable over an extended area, and appear in every rain event investigated. No evidence was found to suggest that superterminal drops are the result of drop breakup due to impact with the measurement instrument; thus, if the superterminal drops are the result of drop fragmentation, this fragmentation happens in the ambient atmosphere during all rain events measured in this study. The ubiquity of superterminal drops at small drop sizes raises natural questions regarding rain accumulation estimations, estimates of drop size distributions, and erosion characterization.

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“…Locatelli and Hobbs, 1974] for species x. The factor r 0 =r ð Þ c v corrects the ground-level fall speed to upper levels where air density is r [Foote and du Toit, 1969]. Only THOM introduces the exponential factor for rain and snow following Ferrier [1994].…”

Section: Calculations Of Doppler Velocity From the Wrf Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of cloud microphysics schemes in simulations of a winter storm using radar and radiometer measurements

et al. 2013

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[1] Using observations from a space-borne radiometer and a ground-based precipitation profiling radar, the impact of cloud microphysics schemes in the WRF model on the simulation of microwave brightness temperature (T b ), radar reflectivity, and Doppler velocity (V dop ) is studied for a winter storm in California. The unique assumptions of particles size distributions, number concentrations, shapes, and fall speeds in different microphysics schemes are implemented into a satellite simulator and customized calculations for the radar are performed to ensure consistent representation of precipitation properties between the microphysics schemes and the radiative transfer models. [2] Simulations with four different schemes in the WRF model, including the Goddard scheme (GSFC), the WRF single-moment 6-class scheme (WSM6), the Thompson scheme (THOM), and the Morrison double-moment scheme (MORR), are compared directly with measurements from the sensors. Results show large variations in the simulated radiative properties. General biases of~20 K or larger are found in (polarization-corrected) T b , which is linked to an overestimate of the precipitating ice aloft. The simulated reflectivity with THOM appears to agree well with the observations, while high biases of~5À10 dBZ are found in GSFC, WSM6 and MORR. Peak reflectivity in MORR exceeds other schemes. These biases are attributable to the snow intercept parameters or the snow number concentrations. Simulated V dop values based on GSFC agree with the observations well, while other schemes appear to have a~1 m s -1 high bias in the ice layer. In the rain layer, the model representations of Doppler velocity vary at different sites.Citation: Han, M., S. A. Braun, T. Matsui, and C. R. Williams (2013), Evaluation of cloud microphysics schemes in simulations of a winter storm using radar and radiometer measurements,

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Terminal Velocity of Raindrops Aloft

Cited by 332 publications

References 0 publications

TRMM PR Standard Algorithm 2A23 and its Performance on Bright Band Detection

TRMM PR Standard Algorithm 2A23 and its Performance on Bright Band Detection

Further evidence for superterminal raindrops

Evaluation of cloud microphysics schemes in simulations of a winter storm using radar and radiometer measurements

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