Ternary and quaternary equilibria in the system; NaClO₄ ‐ (NH₄)₂SO₄ ‐ NH₄ClO₄ ‐ Na₂SO₄ ‐ H₂O, at 60° and 25°C

Abstract

The study of the equilibria described herewith was undertaken primarily for the purpose of discovering the best method of preparing ammonium perchlorate from sodium perchlorate. The equilibrium itself, is, however, of interest from the purely theoretical point of view.The sodium and ammonium sulphates used were made by the recrystallization of the ordinary laboratory supply of these materials. A large supply of very pure ammonium perchlorate was available, and sodium perchlorate was made by the action of pure caustic soda on this salt in aqueous solution.Gas heated thermostats of the ordinary pattern were used. The thermometers were checked against standardized instruments from the National Physical Laboratory.The bottles in which the solubility determinations were carried out were similar in pattern to those described by van 't Hoff ').Samples of the clear solutions were taken in a weight pipette. The composition of the solid phases was determined by the residue method of Schreinemakers z), the geometrical method described by the same author3) being used for the four component system. Ammonia was determined by distillation with excess of NaOH, the ammonia being absorbed in excess standard acidand the excess titrated back. Na was determined by taking down with pure sulphuric acid in silica basins at a low red heat. SO, was determined by the ordinary BaSO, method.ClO, was usually determined by difference, but very special care was taken to work with such quantities of material as were most suitable to give the most accurate results : transference was avoided as far as possible, and ali analyses were done in duplicate.Graphical representation in a quaternary system in space and in a plane. W e will now briefly consider the form of representationThe materials used.

A revised Pitzer model for low-temperature soluble salt assemblages at the Phoenix site, Mars

“…2). In NaClO 4 solutions, FPDs measured by Hennings et al (2013) and Freeth (1924) sometimes differ from our measurements by up to six degrees at the same molality. In Ca(ClO 4 ) 2 solutions, the data of Pestova et al (2005) is scattered above and below our dataset by an average of about one degree.…”

Modeling of ionic equilibria of trace metals (Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+) in concentrated aqueous electrolyte solutions at 25 °C

“…b From pK(H 2 O ⇔ H + + OH − ) in NaClO 4 [28] and NaNO 3 [26] solutions. c From Na 2 SO 4 (H 2 O) 10 (mirabilite) solubility in NaCl [42], NaClO 4 [43], NaNO 3 [40], NaOH [41], and H 2 SO 4 [39] solutions. d From pK(HSO − 4 ⇔ H + + SO 2− 4 ) in NaCl [29] and NaClO 4 [30,31].…”

“…Solubility of NaCl (halite) in NaNO 3 [33], NaOH [34], NaClO 4 [35], Na 2 CO 3 [15], HCl [36], CaCl 2 [37], and MgCl 2 [38] solutions; pL 0 = −1.55. Solubility of Na 2 SO 4 (H 2 O) 10 (mirabilite) in H 2 SO 4 [39], NaNO 3 [40], NaOH [41], NaCl [42], and NaClO 4 [43] solutions; pL 0 = 1.16. Solubility of NaHCO 3 (nahcolite) in KHCO 3 [18] Na 2 SO 4 [44], Na 2 CO 3 [45], NaNO 3 [46], and NaCl [17] solutions (values for nahcolite solubility in NaNO 3 solutions were interpolated from 15 • C with use of solubility of nahcolite in water and NaHCO 3 -NaNO 3 invariant points measured at 0, 15, and 30 • C); pL 0 = 0.35.…”

“…Some of them were calculated from activity data for single electrolytes [12][13][14] and from potentiometric [4,5,21,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32] and solubility [15][16][17][18][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] studies. Uncertainty is conditioned mainly by insignificant variation of the parameter b ij with ionic strength and, in the majority of cases, specifies applicability of the model to the description of experimental data.…”

Detection of Hydrate Forms of Lithium and Sodium Perchlorates in Aqueous Solutions Using near Infrared Spectroscopy

“…The data on crystallisation temperatures were taken from previously published papers. [23][24][25][26] in the solution of the eutectic concentration. This is the region of maximal disorder, as evidenced by X-ray scattering in solutions, 27,28 by the temperature independence of the relative dynamic viscosity of the solutions of a certain concentration corresponding to the eutectic point 22 and by the relative partial molar entropy having a maximum in this area.…”