Ternary organic–inorganic nanostructured hybrid materials by simultaneous twin polymerization

Weißhuhn, J.; Mark, T.; Martin, M.; Müller, Philipp; Seifert, Andreas; Spange, Stefan

doi:10.1039/c6py00903d

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Illustrations of simultaneous polymerizations of C-A-C and C-B-C twin monomers which models do relate to monomers 1 and 2. [26] Classification of the optional resulting organic-inorganic hybrid materials are designated according to Sanchez and Ribot. [28] There are class I (without covalent bond) and class II (with covalent bond) hybrid materials.…”

Section: Analytic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This specific study reports about the novel synthesis of SiO 2 /B 2 O 3 /phenolic resin hybrid materials prepared by simultaneous twin polymerization (STP). The STP is a suitable method to produce organic–inorganic hybrid materials starting from at least two different twin monomers . Structurally identical units of both monomers are supposed to react with each other to form a homopolymer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The STP is a suitable method to produce organic-inorganic hybrid materials starting from at least two different twin monomers. [25,26] Structurally identical units of both monomers are supposed to react with each other to form a homopolymer. That point is important for this study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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B₂O₃/SiO₂/Phenolic Resin Hybrid Materials Produced by Simultaneous Twin Polymerization of Spiromonomers

Weißhuhn

Seifert

Dzhagan

et al. 2018

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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A synthetic procedure for boron oxide/silica/carbon polymer hybrid materials is presented, which does not need water as a reagent. For this purpose, the combined polymerization of the two twin monomers 2,2′‐spirobi[4H‐1,3,2‐benzodioxasiline] 1 and spiroboronate tetra‐n‐butylammonium bis(ortho‐hydroxymethylphenolato)borate 2 is successful to produce homogeneous hybrid materials by thermal treatment in the melt at 180 °C. The achieved hybrid material shows a ternary composition. It consists of silica, polyborate‐tetra(n‐butyl)ammonium, and phenolic resin. The tetra(n‐butyl)ammonium cation within the hybrid material, originating from monomer 2, can be easily sacrificed by Hofmann degradation at 300 °C. Thereby, it serves as the proton source for the BOH moiety. This thermal treatment finally results in the formation of the boron oxide network. The reaction between both inorganic networks under the formation of SiOB bonds occurs at 450 °C in air atmosphere, which is proven with infrared spectroscopy. Oxidation and carbonization of the hybrid materials provide composite materials with a similar composition of C/B2O3/SiO2. Their use as effective flame retardant materials is demonstrated.

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Section: Analytic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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B₂O₃/SiO₂/Phenolic Resin Hybrid Materials Produced by Simultaneous Twin Polymerization of Spiromonomers

Weißhuhn

Seifert

Dzhagan

et al. 2018

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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“…Difurfuryloxydimethylsilane (DMFOS) can be converted to both crosslinked PFA and liquid polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) . A combination of both monomers, TFOS and DMFOS, can also be polymerized simultaneously to produce ternary HMs consisting of PFA and a silica‐ PDMS‐copolymer …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[21,22] A combination of both monomers, TFOS and DMFOS, can also be polymerized simultaneously to produce ternary HMs consisting of PFA and a silica-PDMS-copolymer. [23] FA-based twin monomers can be easily synthesized by transesterification of FA with alkoxysilanes. [20][21][22] The advantage of…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cationic Polymerization of (3‐Aminopropyl)‐tris‐furfuryloxysilane Derivatives—a New Strategy for Complex Hybrid Material Synthesis

Uhlig

Seifert

Rüffer

et al. 2019

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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The trifunctional (3‐aminopropyl)‐tris‐furfuryloxysilane monomer (1) is able to undergo both twin polymerization and reaction with electrophilic compounds such as isocyanates. 1 can be readily synthesized from 3‐aminopropyptrimethoxysilane (APTMS) and furfuryl alcohol (FA). The reaction of 1 with three different aromatic isocyanates, namely phenyl isocyanate, diphenylmethane‐4,4′‐diisocyanate (MDI), and a prepolymer consisting of MDI end‐capped polytetramethylene ether glycole (PTMEG), to the corresponding substituted urea derivatives is presented. Three urea derivatives 1‐phenyl‐3‐(3‐tris‐furfuryloxysilyl)propylurea (2), diphenylmethan‐4,4′‐bis[3(tris‐furfuryloxysilyl)propyl]urea (3), bis[3(tris‐furfuryloxysilyl)‐propyl]urea‐capped PTMEG‐MDI‐prepolymer (4) as well as 1 were polymerized to multicomponent organic/inorganic hybrid materials in a one step procedure using methane sulfonic acid as catalyst. The simultaneous formations of poly furfuryl alcohol and polysiloxane networks within the hybrid material are proven by means of solid‐state NMR spectroscopic measurements. The homogeneous distribution of silicon within the solidified hybrid materials is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and high‐angle annular dark field‐scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF)‐STEM. Homogeneous nanostructured hybrid materials with silicon cluster sizes in the range of 2 nm have been obtained by polymerization of the urea derivatives 2, 3, and 4.

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Electronic Structure Calculations and Experimental Studies on the Thermal Initiation of the Twin Polymerization Process

et al. 2017

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Presented here is a combined computational and experimental study on the thermal initiation process of the twin polymerization. Although thermally initiated twin polymerization offers a versatile scheme for obtaining hybrid organic/inorganic nanocomposite materials, the mechanism for its initiation is very different from the proton‐initiated twin polymerization. In this study, the basic mechanism of the early steps of the polymerization process of 4 H,4 H′‐2,2′‐spirobi[benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxasiline] was investigated by using electronic structure calculations in conjunction with experimental differential scanning calorimetry studies. This way, the influences on the thermally initiated twin polymerization process could be analyzed in detail. The previous mechanistic hypotheses are systematically assessed herein to show that, based on the results, a new hypothesis for an initiation mechanism can be formulated that is in agreement with all experimental observations. These results suggest that, before the formation of the polymer networks, the thermal initiation starts with the formation of low‐molecular‐weight fragments that react to yield acidic groups. If a sufficient amount of these form, the reaction is ultimately funneled into a mechanism similar to that of proton‐initiated twin polymerization.

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Ternary organic–inorganic nanostructured hybrid materials by simultaneous twin polymerization

Abstract: The acid and base catalyzed simultaneous twin polymerization to produce ternary organic–inorganic nanostructured hybrid materials consisting of a cross-linked phenolic resin, silica and a disubstituted polysiloxane.

Cited by 5 publications

References 31 publications

B₂O₃/SiO₂/Phenolic Resin Hybrid Materials Produced by Simultaneous Twin Polymerization of Spiromonomers

B₂O₃/SiO₂/Phenolic Resin Hybrid Materials Produced by Simultaneous Twin Polymerization of Spiromonomers

Cationic Polymerization of (3‐Aminopropyl)‐tris‐furfuryloxysilane Derivatives—a New Strategy for Complex Hybrid Material Synthesis

Electronic Structure Calculations and Experimental Studies on the Thermal Initiation of the Twin Polymerization Process

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Ternary organic–inorganic nanostructured hybrid materials by simultaneous twin polymerization

Abstract: The acid and base catalyzed simultaneous twin polymerization to produce ternary organic–inorganic nanostructured hybrid materials consisting of a cross-linked phenolic resin, silica and a disubstituted polysiloxane.

Cited by 5 publications

References 31 publications

B2O3/SiO2/Phenolic Resin Hybrid Materials Produced by Simultaneous Twin Polymerization of Spiromonomers

B2O3/SiO2/Phenolic Resin Hybrid Materials Produced by Simultaneous Twin Polymerization of Spiromonomers

Cationic Polymerization of (3‐Aminopropyl)‐tris‐furfuryloxysilane Derivatives—a New Strategy for Complex Hybrid Material Synthesis

Electronic Structure Calculations and Experimental Studies on the Thermal Initiation of the Twin Polymerization Process

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B₂O₃/SiO₂/Phenolic Resin Hybrid Materials Produced by Simultaneous Twin Polymerization of Spiromonomers

B₂O₃/SiO₂/Phenolic Resin Hybrid Materials Produced by Simultaneous Twin Polymerization of Spiromonomers