“…Following 9/11, scholars became increasingly interested in how security concerns, on top of cultural and economic ones (e.g., Citrin et al, 1997; Hainmueller & Hopkins, 2014; Mayda, 2006; Pardos-Prado & Xena, 2019; Valentino et al, 2017), shape attitudes towards immigrants and minorities (e.g., Böhmelt et al, 2020; Lahav, 2010; Legewie, 2013; Messina, 2014). Episodes of hate crimes (Hanes & Machin, 2014), labor (Davila & Mora, 2005), housing (Gautier et al, 2009) or institutional discrimination (Shayo & Zussman, 2011) are thought to signal a worrisome shift in public attitudes (e.g., Elsayed & De Grip, 2018). However, whether the public at large leans with or against such discriminatory behavior is still an open question.…”