Terrorist-Extremist Speech and Hate Speech: Understanding the Similarities and Differences

Gelber, Katharine

doi:10.1007/s10677-019-10013-x

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Also, extremism discourse includes more topics than hate speech, such as recruitment or persuasion (McNamee et al. 2010 ; Gelber 2019 ) Anti-semitism or anti-homosexual speech (Leets 2002 ) …”

Section: Contextualizing the Concept Of Extremist Discoursementioning

confidence: 99%

A survey on extremism analysis using natural language processing: definitions, literature review, trends and challenges

Torregrosa

Bello-Orgaz

Martínez‐Cámara

et al. 2022

J Ambient Intell Human Comput

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Extremism has grown as a global problem for society in recent years, especially after the apparition of movements such as jihadism. This and other extremist groups have taken advantage of different approaches, such as the use of Social Media, to spread their ideology, promote their acts and recruit followers. The extremist discourse, therefore, is reflected on the language used by these groups. Natural language processing (NLP) provides a way of detecting this type of content, and several authors make use of it to describe and discriminate the discourse held by these groups, with the final objective of detecting and preventing its spread. Following this approach, this survey aims to review the contributions of NLP to the field of extremism research, providing the reader with a comprehensive picture of the state of the art of this research area. The content includes a first conceptualization of the term extremism, the elements that compose an extremist discourse and the differences with other terms. After that, a review description and comparison of the frequently used NLP techniques is presented, including how they were applied, the insights they provided, the most frequently used NLP software tools, descriptive and classification applications, and the availability of datasets and data sources for research. Finally, research questions are approached and answered with highlights from the review, while future trends, challenges and directions derived from these highlights are suggested towards stimulating further research in this exciting research area.

show abstract

Section: Contextualizing the Concept Of Extremist Discoursementioning

confidence: 99%

A survey on extremism analysis using natural language processing: definitions, literature review, trends and challenges

Torregrosa

Bello-Orgaz

Martínez‐Cámara

et al. 2022

J Ambient Intell Human Comput

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Speech can be used to influence people in both righteous and wrong ways. Speech has been used to escalate hatred among the communities [4][5][6]. Misguided speech leads people in the wrong direction, which raises social risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a Framework for Acquisition and Analysis of Speeches to Identify Suspicious Contents through Machine Learning

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The most prominent form of human communication and interaction is speech. It plays an indispensable role for expressing emotions, motivating, guiding, and cheering. An ill-intentioned speech can mislead people, societies, and even a nation. A misguided speech can trigger social controversy and can result in violent activities. Every day, there are a lot of speeches being delivered around the world, which are quite impractical to inspect manually. In order to prevent any vicious action resulting from any misguided speech, the development of an automatic system that can efficiently detect suspicious speech has become imperative. In this study, we have presented a framework for acquisition of speech along with the location of the speaker, converting the speeches into texts and, finally, we have proposed a system based on long short-term memory (LSTM) which is a variant of recurrent neural network (RNN) to classify speeches into suspicious and nonsuspicious. We have considered speeches of Bangla language and developed our own dataset that contains about 5000 suspicious and nonsuspicious samples for training and validating our model. A comparative analysis of accuracy among other machine learning algorithms such as logistic regression, SVM, KNN, Naive Bayes, and decision tree is performed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the system. The experimental results show that our proposed deep learning-based model provides the highest accuracy compared to other algorithms.

show abstract

“…There have been some studies focusing on hate speech, including: first, research on the terminology of hate speech and the difference between free speech and hate crime conducted by Alkiviadou (2019), Gelber (2019), andHoward (2019); second, research on hate speech in several countries conducted by Cohen-Almagor (2016) in the United States, Yola (2017) in Nigeria, Kang (2018) in Canada and the United States, Deveci (2019) in Turkey and Alaburić (2018) who studied hate speech in Europe; third, research on the means and objects used to commit hate speech conducted by Frenda et al (2019) about hate speech on Twitter, Febriana (2019) about cyberbullying on Twitter (MacAvaney et al, 2019) and Abdurrahman (2022) about hate speech on social media; fourth, research focusing on the position of freedom of speech and hate speech in various perspectives, including the maqāsid al-sharī'ah perspective by Hamim (2021), Tamam (2021) and Arisandy (2022), the Qur'anic perspective by Syakur (2021) and Hadith perspective by Mundzir (2023). Hamim's and Tamam's study employed a similar theory for looking at freedom of speech and hate speech, namely maqāṣid al-sharī'ah.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Hate Speech and Freedom of Expression in the Perspective of Maqāṣid Al-Sharī’ah

Purnomo

Sumbulah

Salam

et al. 2023

JURIS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This article discusses the model of freedom of speech that is prohibited and categorized as hate speech using the maqāṣid al-sharī’ah approach. The prohibition and sanctioning of hate speech has been a dilemma. On the one hand, it prevents someone from hurting other people’s feelings. On the other hand, it violates freedom of speech. This research is a literature study in which the data were obtained from the texts of the Qur’an. Through normative-empirical and maqāṣid al-sharī’ah approaches, this study reveals that freedom of speech is part of human rights, which in the maqāṣid al-sharī’ah perspective can be categorized as protection of freedom of thought (ḥifẓ al-’aql). However, when freedom of speech is not controlled, it can potentially become hate speech that can threaten another maqāṣid al-sharī’ah, namely the protection of the soul (ḥifẓ al-nafs). The identification and categorization of an action as hate speech or an expression of freedom of speech are based on the benefits. The findings of this study are expected to educate the public in distinguishing between freedom of speech and hate speech according to maqāṣid al-sharī’ah to minimize conflict and hostility.

show abstract

Terrorist-Extremist Speech and Hate Speech: Understanding the Similarities and Differences

Cited by 7 publications

References 30 publications

A survey on extremism analysis using natural language processing: definitions, literature review, trends and challenges

A survey on extremism analysis using natural language processing: definitions, literature review, trends and challenges

Towards a Framework for Acquisition and Analysis of Speeches to Identify Suspicious Contents through Machine Learning

Characteristics of Hate Speech and Freedom of Expression in the Perspective of Maqāṣid Al-Sharī’ah

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About