Test Flammability of PVC Wall Panel with Cone Calorimetry

Cone calorimeter evaluation of reinforced hybrid wood–aluminum composites

“… THR: total heat release. 3 Arbitrary scales suggested for THR 20 are: very low fire hazard: 0.1–1, low fire hazard: 1.0–10, intermediate fire hazard: 10–100, and high fire hazard: 100–1000. …”

Evaluating the Flame Retardancy of Shaving Super Bamboo Layer by Layer Self-Assembly With Phytic Acid-Polyethyleneimine

“…Fire performance index (FPI) is the ratio of the TTI of the tested material to the PHRR. FPI is calculated according to the following formula: FPI (s/(kW.m −2 )) TTI/PHRR, which is usually used to evaluate the potential flashover hazard of the material in a fire (Petrella, 1994;Xu et al, 2013;Yu et al, 2016;Hou et al, 2017). Besides, the flashover time of the tested material is an important basis for the design of fire escape time.…”

Characterization of polyvinyl chloride–based floor covering thermal decomposition parameters in a cone calorimeter

“…Plastic materials (such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyether polyurethane foam (PPUF), polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) are widely used in a range of consumer products and construction materials. PVC, a product obtained from the polymerization of vinyl chloride, is a commonly and extensively used material because of its valuable and particular properties, such as good mechanical and processing properties, [1][2][3][4] insulation properties, [5][6][7][8] weathering and ultraviolet (UV) light stability, 9,10 high chemical and abrasion resistance, 2,4 and low cost. 3,4,11 Thus, PVC or its plasticized formulations find use in pipes, pipe fittings, extruded profiles for gutters, window/door frames, fencing, decking, electrical equipment housings and cables, blister packages, thermoformed containers, wall covering and flooring, pool liners, roofing membranes, automobile parts, toys, wallpaper and window/door blinds and so on.…”

“…3,4,11 Thus, PVC or its plasticized formulations find use in pipes, pipe fittings, extruded profiles for gutters, window/door frames, fencing, decking, electrical equipment housings and cables, blister packages, thermoformed containers, wall covering and flooring, pool liners, roofing membranes, automobile parts, toys, wallpaper and window/door blinds and so on. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Because of its high chlorine content (;57 wt.%), PVC is intrinsically a flame retardant material which is difficult to ignite by accident and will have a trend to stop burning as soon as the source of heat or flame is removed. However, this material is so massively used in many products, often in formulated conditions with a lot of additives that it led to fire safety concerns.…”

“…10 These conventional plasticizers also promote a particular combustion mechanism that ends up generating a significant amount of dense and dark smoke. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Thus, natural filler, flame retardant and smoke-suppressant additives are incorporated to reduce flammability and rate of heat release of PVC as well as to limit smoke emission. 2,19 Based on extensive studies, various organic substances and inorganic compounds have been reported for PVC: halogenated compounds based on chlorine and bromine, [20][21][22] antimony trioxide (Sb 2 O 3 ), natural mineral fillers like brucite (Mg(OH) 2 ), magnesite (MgCO 3 ), huntite (Mg 3 Ca(CO 3 ) 4 ), hydromagnesite (Mg 5 (CO 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 Á4H 2 O), colemanite (Ca 2 B 6 O 11 Á5H 2 O), sepiolite (Mg 4 Si 6 O 15 (OH) 2 Á6H 2 O) or alumina trihydrate (Al(OH) 3 ) as flame retardants or calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) as mineral inert filler used to trap HCl as acid scavenger, 10,20,[23][24][25][26] phosphate-based molecules (e.g.…”