Test of the Weak Equivalence Principle using LIGO observations of GW150914 and Fermi observations of GBM transient 150914

Liu, Molin; Zhao, Zonghua; You, Xiaohe; Lu, Jianbo; Xu, Lixin

doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2017.04.033

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…We first use a toy model in order to show arithmetically the appearance of a divergence in the metric perturbation used to compute the Shapiro delay when one is using the set of gauge restrictions [Eqs. (16)(17)] that is commonly implicitly used in the literature. We show that the divergence appears because of an unsuitable choice of coordinate time in order to describe the metric, and is therefore simply cured by using an appropriate (nonambiguous) coordinate time -for instance, a coordinate time that corresponds to the proper time of any given observer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shortcomings of Shapiro delay-based tests of the equivalence principle on cosmological scales

Johnson-McDaniel

Sakellariadou

2019

Phys. Rev. D

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The "Shapiro delay" experienced by an astronomical messenger traveling through a gravitational field has been used to place constraints on possible deviations from the equivalence principle. The standard Shapiro delay used to obtain these constraints is not itself an observable in general relativity, but is rather obtained by comparing with a fiducial Euclidean distance. There is not a mapping between the constraints obtained in this manner and alternative theories that exhibit equivalence principle violations. However, even assuming that the comparison with the fiducial Euclidean distance is carried out in a way that is useful for some class of alternative theories, we show that the standard calculation of these constraints cannot be applied on cosmological scales, as is often done. Specifically, we find that the Shapiro delay computed in the standard way (taking the Newtonian potential to vanish at infinity) diverges as one includes many remote sources. We use an infinite homogeneous lattice model to illustrate this divergence, and also show how the divergence can be cured by using Fermi coordinates associated with an observer. With this correction, one finds that the Shapiro delay is no longer monotonic with the number of sources. Thus, one cannot compute a conservative lower bound on the Shapiro delay using a subset of the sources of the gravitational field without further assumptions and/or observational input. As an illustration, we compute the Shapiro delay by applying the Fermi coordinate expression to two catalogs of galaxy clusters, illustrating the dependence of the result on the completeness of the catalogue and the mass estimates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shortcomings of Shapiro delay-based tests of the equivalence principle on cosmological scales

Johnson-McDaniel

Sakellariadou

2019

Phys. Rev. D

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“…Based on the associations between five TeV neutrinos and gamma-ray photons from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), Wei et al (2016a) tightened the constraint on the deviation from WEP to an accuracy of ∼ 10 −11 − 10 −13 when adopting the gravitational potential of the Laniakea supercluster of galaxies. Besides the neutrino-photon delays, such a test has been also applied to the delays of photons with different energies (e.g., GRBs Sang, Lin, & Chang, 2016;Yu, Xi, & Wang, 2018), fast radio bursts (Wei et al, 2015;Tingay & Kaplan, 2016), TeV blazars (Wei et al, 2016b), and the Crab pulsar (Yang & Zhang, 2016;Zhang & Gong, 2017;Leung et al, 2018)), and the delays between photons and gravitational waves (Kahya & Desai, 2016;Li et al, 2016;Wu et al, 2016;Abbott et al, 2017;Liu et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2017;Wei et al, 2017;Shoemaker & Murase, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimessenger tests of Einstein's weak equivalence principle and Lorentz invariance with a high-energy neutrino from a flaring blazar

Wei

Zhang

Shao

et al. 2019

Journal of High Energy Astrophysics

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The detection of the high-energy (∼ 290 TeV) neutrino coincident with the flaring blazar TXS 0506+056, the first and only 3σ neutrino-source association to date, provides new, multimessenger tests of the weak equivalence principle (WEP) and Lorentz invariance. Assuming that the flight time difference between the TeV neutrino and gamma-ray photons from the blazar flare is mainly caused by the gravitational potential of the Laniakea supercluster of galaxies, we show that the deviation from the WEP for neutrinos and photons is conservatively constrained to have an accuracy of 10 −6 − 10 −7 , which is 3-4 orders of magnitude better than previous results placed by MeV neutrinos from supernova 1987A. In addition, we demonstrate that the association of the TeV neutrino with the blazar flare sets limits on the energy scales of quantum gravity for both linear and quadratic violations of Lorentz invariance (LIV) to E QG,1 > 3.2 × 10 15 − 3.7 × 10 16 GeV and E QG,2 > 4.0 × 10 10 − 1.4 × 10 11 GeV. These improve previous limits on both linear and quadratic LIV energy scales in neutrino propagation by 5-7 orders of magnitude.

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“…The majority of previous attempts to constrain violations of the WEP via ∆γ ij with GRBs [18,[51][52][53][54], FRBs [6,[55][56][57][58], Supernovae [59,60], Gravitational Waves [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69], Blazar Flares [70][71][72][73][74] or Pulsars [75][76][77][78] have assumed that the gravitational potential is dominated by the contribution from the Milky Way and/or other massive objects such as the Laniakea supercluster. This has two major shortcomings for distant sources: firstly the gravitational potential in Equation 2 should be a fluctuation about the cosmological mean (and thus can take either sign, unlike in the multiple-source approximation where it is strictly additive), and secondly the long range behaviour of the gravitational potential means that we cannot neglect the large-scale distribution of mass [8,9].…”

Section: B Comparison With the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Constraints on Equivalence Principle Violation from Gamma Ray Bursts

Bartlett,

Bergsdal,

Desmond

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Theories of gravity that obey the Weak Equivalence Principle have the same Parametrised Post-Newtonian parameter γ for all particles at all energies. The large Shapiro time delays of extragalactic sources allow us to put tight constraints on differences in γ between photons of different frequencies from spectral lag data, since a non-zero ∆γ would result in a frequency-dependent arrival time. The majority of previous constraints have assumed that the Shapiro time delay is dominated by a few local massive objects, although this is a poor approximation for distant sources. In this work we consider the cosmological context of these sources by developing a source-by-source, Monte Carlo-based forward model for the Shapiro time delays by combining constrained realisations of the local density field using the BORG algorithm with unconstrained large-scale modes. Propagating uncertainties in the density field reconstruction and marginalising over an empirical model describing other contributions to the time delay, we use spectral lag data of Gamma Ray Bursts from the BATSE satellite to constrain ∆γ < 3.4 × 10 −15 at 1σ confidence between photon energies of 25 keV and 325 keV.

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Test of the Weak Equivalence Principle using LIGO observations of GW150914 and Fermi observations of GBM transient 150914

Cited by 18 publications

References 60 publications

Shortcomings of Shapiro delay-based tests of the equivalence principle on cosmological scales

Shortcomings of Shapiro delay-based tests of the equivalence principle on cosmological scales

Multimessenger tests of Einstein's weak equivalence principle and Lorentz invariance with a high-energy neutrino from a flaring blazar

Constraints on Equivalence Principle Violation from Gamma Ray Bursts

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