Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: Serological and Immunohistochemical Diagnosis

Abstract

<p>This review deals with serologic and immunohistochemical tumor markers used in clinical laboratories for the diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumors. Time tested serologic markers such as alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase are routinely used in the work-up of patients with testicular tumors. Professional organizations regulating the practice of medicine in most countries worldwide require that the laboratory values for these serologic reactants be included in the pathology reports on testicular tumors as part of the tumor staging process. Immunohistochemical markers of testicular germ have been identified and widely tested during the first two decades of the XXI century. We have selected the most useful immunohistochemical markers from a few of these markers and discussed them in this review.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>. Published data show that testicular tumor markers are widely used in routine practice. The study of tumor markers has improved the pathologic and clinical diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumors and has thus contributed to their treatment.</p>

Recent Advances in Pathology of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

“…An antibody panel of CK7, CK20, CDX2, SATB2, and MUC2 can aid in the distinction between ICCA and metastatic colorectal adenocarcinomas. [188,195,196] Germ cell PLAP, OCT4, hCG, CD30, SALL4, LIN28, CD117, D2-40, SOX2, AFP, glypican-3 PLAP, OCT4, hCG, and CD30 are commonly used markers for germ cell tumors [197][198][199][200][201] Hepatocellular Hep Par-1, arginase-1, CD10, polyclonal CEA, AFP Arginase-1 is highly sensitive and specific marker for HCC and better than Hep Par-1 in poorly differentiated HCC [192,195,202] Lung CK7, TTF-1, Napsin A TTF-1 is widely used as a specific marker for pulmonary adenocarcinoma but can be expressed in neuroendocrine tumors, papillary thyroid carcinoma, and some female genital tract carcinomas [192,195,203,204 [192,201,219] Squamous CK5/6, p40, p63 CK5/6, p40, and p63 are useful to confirm squamous cell carcinoma [220,221] Urothelial GATA3, p63, uroplakin, CK5/6 GATA3, p63, and uroplakin are most useful to confirm metastatic urothelial carcinoma [192,[222][223][224] SF1, steroidogenesis factor 1; CK, cytokeratin; ICCA, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; CA19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; CDX2, caudal type homeobox 2; SATB2, special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2; TTF1, thyroid transcription factor 1; ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; GCDFP-15, gross cystic disease fluid protein 15; GATA3, GATA binding protein 3; TRPS1, ticho-rino-palangeal syndrome type 1; transcriptional repressor; SATB2, special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2; PLAP, placental alkaline phosphatase; OCT4, octamer-binding transcription factor 4; hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; SALL4, spalt-like transcription factor 4; SOX2, SRY-Box transcription factor 2; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; Hep Par-1, hepatocyte paraffin-1 ; WT1, Wilms tumor 1 ; INSM1, insulinoma-associated protein 1; SMAD4, SMAD Family Member 4; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; PSAP, prostate-specific acid phosphatase; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; NKX3.1, NK3 homeobox 1; AMACR, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase; PAX2, paired box gene 2; CAIX, carbonic anhydrase IX; RCC marker, renal cell carcinoma marker.…”