“…These countries are: Angola, Argentina, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Chile, China, Columbia, Costa Rica, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Ivory Coast, Egypt, El Salvador, Equator, Gabon, Ghana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Yemen, and Zimbabwe. In the estimation models, foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade openness (OPEN), which have been reported to have a strong relationship with CO2 emissions in various studies (e.g., Ren et al [2014], Shahbaz et al [2018], Huang et al [2019], Salehnia et al [2020], and Essandoh et al [2020]) were used as control variables. All variables were obtained from the World Development Indicators (WDI, 2018) database and used in logarithmic form.…”