Testing Re-entrained Aerosol Kinetic Emissions from Roads : a new approach to infer silt loading on roadways

Kuhns, Hampden D.; Etyemezian, Vicken; Landwehr, D; MacDougall, C.S.; Pitchford, Marc; Green, M

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(01)00079-6

Cited by 93 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…(2) Low speeds (15-25 km h ) were used during the y1 tests. Higher speeds also increase the road dust emissions (Bringfelt et al, 1997;Kuhns et al, 2001). (3) Emission factors for heavy-duty vehicles were not measured in our study, e.g.…”

Section: Y1mentioning

confidence: 80%

Experimental studies about the impact of traction sand on urban road dust composition

Kupiainen

Tervahattu

Räisänen

2003

Science of The Total Environment

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Traffic causes enhanced PM resuspension especially during spring in the US, Japan, Norway, Sweden and 10 Finland, among other countries. The springtime PM consists primarily of mineral matter from tyre-induced paved 10 road surface wear and traction sand. In some countries, the majority of vehicles are equipped with studded tyres to enhance traction, which additionally increases road surface wear. Because the traction sand and the mineral matter from the pavement aggregate can have a similar mineralogical composition, it has been difficult to determine the source of the mineral fraction in the PM . In this study, homogenous traction sand and pavement aggregate with 10 different mineralogical compositions were chosen to determine the sources of PM particles by single particle 10 analysis (SEMyEDX). This study was conducted in a test facility, which made it possible to rule out dust contributions from other sources. The ambient PM concentrations were higher when traction sand was used, regardless of whether 10 the tyres were studded or not. Surprisingly, the use of traction sand greatly increased the number of the particles originating from the pavement. It was concluded that sand must contribute to pavement wear. This phenomenon is called the sandpaper effect. An understanding of this is important to reduce harmful effects of springtime road dust in practical winter maintenance of urban roads ᮊ

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Section: Y1mentioning

confidence: 80%

Experimental studies about the impact of traction sand on urban road dust composition

Kupiainen

Tervahattu

Räisänen

2003

Science of The Total Environment

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“…28 EFs of 0.2 g/vkt for freeways and approximately 3 g/vkt for city roads near Riverside, CA, have been reported. 29 In other studies in Las Vegas, NV, and Boise, ID 14,15 roads with minimal sweeping maintenance (i.e. every 2 weeks to 1 month) exhibited the trend that high-speed, high-volume roads have much less suspendible material than do low-speed neighborhood roads.…”

Section: Traffic Volume and Efsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…9,10 Langston et al 11,12 evaluated the System of Continuous Aerosol Monitoring of Particulate Emissions from Roadways 13 (SCAMPER, mobile sampling system with PM sensors mounted on a trailer) and Testing Re-Entrained Aerosol Kinetic Emissions from Roads (TRAKER) 14,15 system (mobile system PM sensors mounted behind front tire) and compared the mobile measurements with direct emission factors measured with towers. Other adaptations of these technologies have emerged, including measurements of dust emission in the wake of a vehicle with a DustTrak sampling inlet fixed to the back windscreen wiper.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detailed descriptions of the TRAKER vehicle and its operation are described in previous work. 15,26 When traveling at different speeds on the same road, the background-subtracted PM concentration behind the tire varies with speed so that:…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This trend has been observed in other TRAKER studies. 14,15 As summarized in Table 2, the winter average PM 10 EFs for primary, secondary, and tertiary roads are 0.5, 1.1, and 3.3 g/vkt, respectively. The summer average PM 10 EF in the basin is 0.1 for primary roads, 0.3 g/vkt for secondary roads, and 1.1 g/vkt for tertiary roads.…”

Section: Traffic Volume and Efsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fugitive Dust Emissions from Paved Road Travel in the Lake Tahoe Basin

Zhu

Kuhns

Brown

et al. 2009

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The clarity of water in Lake Tahoe has declined substantially over the past 40 yr. Causes of the degradation include nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization of the lake waters and increasing amounts of inorganic fine sediment that can scatter light. Atmospheric deposition is a major source of fine sediment. A year-round monitoring study of road dust emissions around the lake was completed in 2007 using the Testing Re-entrained Aerosol Kinetic Emissions from Roads (TRAKER) system developed at the Desert Research Institute (DRI). Results of this study found that, compared with the summer season, road dust emissions increased by a factor of 5 in winter, on average, and about a factor of 10 when traction control material was applied to the roads after snow events. For winter and summer, road dust emission factors (grams coarse particulate matter [PM 10 ] per vehicle kilometer traveled [g/vkt]) showed a decreasing trend with the travel speed of the road. The highest emission factors were observed on very low traffic volume roads on the west side of the lake.These roads were composed of either a 3/8-in. gravel material or had degraded asphalt. The principle factors influencing road dust emissions in the basin are season, vehicle speed (or road type), road condition, road grade, and proximity to other high-emitting roads. Combined with a traffic volume model, an analysis of the total emissions from the road sections surveyed indicated that urban areas (in particular South Lake Tahoe) had the highest emitting roads in the basin. INTRODUCTIONFugitive dust emissions originating from motor vehicle travel on paved and unpaved roads constitute a significant fraction of the PM 10 (particulate matter [PM]with aerodynamic diameter Ͻ10 m) in many areas of the western United States. 1 These non-tailpipe emissions are largely composed of resuspended loose material from the road surface. Elevated ambient PM 10 levels can result, especially in winter when sand and salt are applied to roads for traction control. 2 Studded snow tires also increased road dust emissions by abrading asphalt pavement. 3 Controlled measurements of road dust emissions are difficult to conduct because factors such as pavement condition, pavement composition, vehicle weight, vehicle speed, tire types, road moisture level, and surface loading and type of suspendible material can all affect the magnitude of PM 10 emissions. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) emission factor compilation database, AP-42, summarizes paved road dust emission factors and methods developed in the early 1990s and has been critically evaluated in the literature. 4 -7 AP-42 recommends collecting site-specific silt loading measurements from local roadways as a surrogate for estimating PM 10 road dust emission potential. Silt loading is the mass of silt-size material less than 75 m in physical diameter per unit area of the travel surface.

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Road sediment, an underutilized material in environmental science research: A review of perspectives on United States studies with international context

Dietrich

2022

Preprint

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Road sediment is a pervasive environmental medium that acts as both source and sink for a variety of natural and anthropogenic particles and often is enriched in heavy metals. Road sediment is generally understudied in the United States (U.S.) relative to other environmental media and compared to countries such as China and the United Kingdom (U.K.). However, the U.S. is an ideal target for these studies due to the diverse climates and wealth of geo-chemical, socioeconomic, demographic, and health data. This review outlines the existing U.S. road sediment literature while also providing key international perspectives and context. Furthermore, the most comprehensive table of U.S. road sediment studies to date is presented, which includes elemental concentrations , sample size, size fraction, collection and analytical methods, as well as digestion procedure. Overall, there were observed differences in studies by sampling time period for elemental concentrations, but not necessarily by climate in the U.S. Other key concepts addressed in this road sediment review include the processes controlling its distribution, the variety of nomenclature used, an-thropogenic enrichment of heavy metals, electron microscopy, health risk assessments , remediation, and future directions of road sediment investigations. Going forward, it is recommended that studies with a higher geographic diversity are performed that consider smaller cities and rural areas. Furthermore, environmental justice must be a focus as community science studies of road sediment can elucidate pollution issues impacting areas of high need. Finally, this review calls for consistency in sampling, data reporting, and nomenclature to effectively expand work on understudied elements, particles, and background sediments.

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Testing Re-entrained Aerosol Kinetic Emissions from Roads : a new approach to infer silt loading on roadways

Cited by 93 publications

References 7 publications

Experimental studies about the impact of traction sand on urban road dust composition

Experimental studies about the impact of traction sand on urban road dust composition

Fugitive Dust Emissions from Paved Road Travel in the Lake Tahoe Basin

Road sediment, an underutilized material in environmental science research: A review of perspectives on United States studies with international context

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