Testing update on protective clothing and equipment for electric arc exposure

Doughty, R.L.; Neal, T.E.; Dear, T.A.; Bingham, Alpheus

doi:10.1109/pcicon.1997.648199

Cited by 36 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The arcing fault circuit X/R in most medium-voltage systems will be in the range of 2.5-4 when calculated, assuming that the arc is purely resistive [8], [9], as calculated per Appendix A. The bolted fault circuit X/R will typically be a much higher value than this for most medium-voltage systems.…”

Section: A Creation Of Bolted Fault Stressesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arc Flash Mitigation Using Active High-Speed Switching

Divinnie

Stacy

Parsons

2015

IEEE Trans. on Ind. Applicat.

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One method of mitigating arc flash hazards associated with medium-voltage switchgear is the installation of active high-speed switch (HSS) systems. These systems are designed to detect and quench a burning internal arc in less than one-third of one electrical cycle. The internal arc is extinguished by the HSS's action of redirecting the fault current path from arcing through open air back to the intended current path of the switchgear bus. The new low-impedance current path provided by the HSS operation collapses the voltage at the point of the fault to near zero so that the arc is no longer sustainable. The system's high speed of operation compared to arc quenching via circuit breaker tripping translates directly to lower arc flash incident energy and minimal equipment damage. Another benefit of such active high speed systems could include switchgear compliance to the IEEE C37.20.7 guide for testing arc-resistant metal-enclosed switchgear without any arc by-product venting requirements. This paper explores application considerations of HSS systems relative to other available means of controlling and reducing the hazards of internal arcing faults in medium-voltage switchgear. Index Terms-Arc flash incident energy (AFIE), arc resistant, arcing fault, bolted fault, high-speed switch (HSS), X/R ratio.

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Section: A Creation Of Bolted Fault Stressesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arc Flash Mitigation Using Active High-Speed Switching

Divinnie

Stacy

Parsons

2015

IEEE Trans. on Ind. Applicat.

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“…For the three equipment categories given in IEEE 1584 TM , it can be seen that a multiplying factor of 3 is conservative where panelboards are used; is only conservative up to 24 inches for LV Switchgear and may be appropriate up to a distance of around 30 inches; and for MV Switchgear is conservative up to around 42 inches. The test data used in Doughty, et al [5] was taken at 24 inches. In general based on the preceding, it may be said that a multiplying factor of 3 is conservative up to 24 inches (for all IEEE 1584 TM equipment categories as defined above).…”

Section: Tables Giving Multiplying Factors Vs Distance For Differmentioning

confidence: 99%

DC arc flash calculations — Arc-in-open-air & arc-in-a-box — Using a simplified approach (Multiplication factor method)

Fontaine

Walsh

2012

2012 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop

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This paper suggests a method for calculating the incident energy and the arc flash boundary (AFB) distance for dc systems when an arc-in-a-box situation is involved. The method uses the dc maximum power method and a multiplying factor instead of using distance exponents. The method may also be used for an arc-in-open-air by using a multiplying factor of 1. It is based on the basic assumption that the spherical energy density can be increased to a new value to account for the additional reflected heat radiation from a box situation and that the ratio of the new value to the spherical energy density equals a multiplying factor for correcting -from the energy density for an arc-in-open-air situation to an arc-in-a-box situation, based on a simplified equation or methodology. When calculating the AFB, the method requires the use of an iterative process , since the multiplying factor is a nonlinear variable and is based on the distance from the arc. This paper should provide a good starting point for further discussion and development regarding dc arc-in-a-box situations.Index Terms -arc-in-a-box, dc maximum power method, multiplying factor.

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“…2) Doughty, Neal, Dear, and Bingham: "Testing Update on Protective Clothing and Equipment for Electric Arc Exposure" [7], published in 1997, details the incident energy levels associated with low voltage arc flash events and was the first to describe how an event is intensified when the arc initiates within electrical equipment enclosures.…”

Section: B Significant Milestones In Arc Flash Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Next the sensitivity of the normalized incident energy to the conductor gap distance was evaluated using equations (6) and (7). Results for ungrounded or high-resistance grounded systems are shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: A System Voltages 480 V and Belowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arc Flash Hazard Incident Energy Calculations a Historical Perspective and Comparative Study of the Standards: IEEE 1584 and NFPA 70E

Ammerman

Sen

Nelson³

2007

2007 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference

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The exposure to hazards associated with electrical arcing phenomena, while working on energized equipment is a topic of significant interest to industrial plant personnel. This paper provides an overview of the current arc flash standards, focusing on the methods used to calculate incident energy levels in a system. A thorough sensitivity analysis of the arc flash hazard incident energy calculations currently adopted by the IEEE 1584 standard leads to some possible conservative simplification of the equations. These simple equations could be used for a quick "first-cut" assessment of the incident energy levels present in a system. A case study, using data from a typical petrochemical application, provides a comparison of the NFPA 70E and IEEE 1584 arc flash incident energy equations and the results obtained using the proposed simplified calculations.

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Testing update on protective clothing and equipment for electric arc exposure

Cited by 36 publications

References 2 publications

Arc Flash Mitigation Using Active High-Speed Switching

Arc Flash Mitigation Using Active High-Speed Switching

DC arc flash calculations — Arc-in-open-air & arc-in-a-box — Using a simplified approach (Multiplication factor method)

Arc Flash Hazard Incident Energy Calculations a Historical Perspective and Comparative Study of the Standards: IEEE 1584 and NFPA 70E

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Testing update on protective clothing and equipment for electric arc exposure

Cited by 36 publications

References 2 publications

Arc Flash Mitigation Using Active High-Speed Switching

Arc Flash Mitigation Using Active High-Speed Switching

DC arc flash calculations &#x2014; Arc-in-open-air &amp; arc-in-a-box &#x2014; Using a simplified approach (Multiplication factor method)

Arc Flash Hazard Incident Energy Calculations a Historical Perspective and Comparative Study of the Standards: IEEE 1584 and NFPA 70E

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Product

Resources

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DC arc flash calculations — Arc-in-open-air & arc-in-a-box — Using a simplified approach (Multiplication factor method)