Testosterone, epitestosterone and androstenedione in the pollen of scotch pineP. silvestris L.

Šaden-Krehula, M.; Tajić, M; Kolbah, D.

doi:10.1007/bf02137770

Cited by 45 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Androgens may be supplied directly, at least in small amounts, as plant products. For example, androstenedione has been identified in the pollen of the Scotch pine (Pinus silvestris) [38]. Other plants may also contribute phytosterols that could potentially be transformed to androgenic compounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Androstenedione in a River Containing Paper Mill Effluent

Jenkins

Angus

McNatt

et al. 2001

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Effluent from a paper mill discharging into the Fenholloway River, Taylor County, Florida, USA, contains chemicals that masculinize females of the resident population of eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), as evidenced in females by elongated anal fins, which is normally a male-specific trait. To identify androgenic components in the effluent, water collected from the Fenholloway River and a control tributary was fractionated using solid-phase extraction and reverse-phase high-performance-liquid chromatography. Two Fenholloway River fractions induced androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional activity in transient transfection cell culture assays. Of these, androstenedione was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Androstenedione in a River Containing Paper Mill Effluent

Jenkins

Angus

McNatt

et al. 2001

Environ Toxicol Chem

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“…The effort to activate the gonads may carry little cost, therefore relatively small amounts of additional food are sufficient to trigger earlier maturation in males. It also seems possible that spruce seeds contain chemical compounds or secondary products that are involved in activating male reproduction, because mammalian steroid hormones have been recorded in cone and shoot tissues of several conifer species (Sahden-Krehula et al 1971;Simons and Grinwich 1989).…”

Section: Importance Of Food For the Initiation Of Breedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initiation of breeding after winter in bank voles: effects of food and population density

Eccard¹,

Ylönen²

2001

Can. J. Zool.

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We studied factors causing variation in the initiation of reproduction after winter in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), an iteroparous seasonal breeder, by offering different winter food supplements and monitoring local density variation. We used either sunflower seeds or barley to supplement the diet of populations of bank voles in grassland enclosures. In a parallel experiment we used spruce seeds, a natural winter food, to supplement the diet of bank vole populations in unfenced spruce forest. Survival, maturation, and breeding were monitored by livetrapping. Population density decreased during winter in grassland enclosures and remained constant in the forest, with no difference between food treatments. Breeding was initiated earlier in the grassland enclosures than in the forest, probably because of the supplemental food supply in both seed treatments and social and environmental stability in enclosures. Within both experiments, we found no differences in timing of parturition between food treatments. Interactions of food treatment with density of females influenced the time of initiation of breeding in both experiments. At low densities, breeding started up to 1 month earlier than the population average. At high densities, a proportion of females did not breed during spring. Massive food supplements advanced the initiation of breeding, but among animals with similar food supplies, local population density seemed to have stronger regulatory effects. Local density variations may therefore create asynchronous breeding patterns within populations under similar wintering conditions. Résumé : Nous avons étudié les facteurs responsables de la variation dans le déclenchement de la reproduction après l'hiver chez le Campagnol roussâtre (Clethrionomys glareolus), un reproducteur saisonnier itéropare, par l'addition de différents suppléments alimentaires en hiver et par l'étude de la variation locale de la densité. Nous avons donné comme suppléments alimentaires des graines de tournesol ou de l'orge à des populations gardées en enceinte dans des zones herbeuses. Dans une expérience parallèle, nous avons fourni des graines d'épinettes, aliment utilisé en nature en hiver, à des populations de campagnols libres dans des forêts d'épinettes. La survie, la maturation et la reproduction ont été suivies par piégeage de campagnols vivants. La densité des populations a diminué en hiver dans les enceintes, mais elle n'a pas changé en forêt et il n'y avait pas de différence selon les traitements alimentaires. La reproduction était plus hâtive dans les enceintes en milieux herbeux qu'en forêt, probablement à cause des suppléments alimentaires des deux types de graines et à cause de la stabilité sociale et environnementale prévalant dans les enceintes. Nous n'avons pas constaté de différences dans le moment de la parturition selon le traitement alimentaire. Les interactions entre les traitements alimentaires et la densité des femelles influençaient le déclenchement de la reproduction. À densité faible, la reproduction pouva...

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“…Previous studies have reported naturally occurring progesterone in other species of the pine family; however, to our knowledge, a link between a progesterone natural product and bioactive androgen production has not been established. For example, Saden‐Krehula et al [25] measured 0.8 μg/g of progesterone in pollen of Pinus nigra by radioimmune assay. Using thin‐layer chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, Pakdel and Roy [26] identified a variety of steroids in the Pinus ponderosa L. pine tree, including progesterone and pregnenin derivatives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Collections were made during May and November of 2002 [9]. example, Saden-Krehula et al [25] measured 0.8 g/g of progesterone in pollen of Pinus nigra by radioimmune assay. Using thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatographymass spectrometry, Pakdel and Roy [26] identified a variety of steroids in the Pinus ponderosa L. pine tree, including progesterone and pregnenin derivatives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naturally occurring progesterone in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.): A major steroid precursor of environmental androgens

Carson

Jenkins

Wilson

et al. 2008

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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Progesterone, androstenedione, and androstadienedione were previously identified in the water and sediment of the Fenholloway River (Taylor County, FL, USA), a river that contains populations of masculinized female mosquitofish downstream of a paper mill, at levels higher than those in the nearby Spring Creek. Plant sterols, such as beta-sitosterol in mill effluent derived from pine tree pulp, were suggested to be metabolized by bacteria to progesterone and androgens to account for the masculinization phenomenon. The current study made use of standard solid-phase methanol extraction procedures, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and a cell-based, androgen-receptor transcription assay to determine naturally occurring progesterone levels in mature pine trees. Progesterone concentrations in the loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were 49.34 +/- 4.1 nmol/g dry mature wood (15.5 +/- 1.29 microg/g), 12.26 +/- 1.78 nmol/g pine needles (3.85 +/- 0.56 microg/g), and 3.81 +/- 0.36 nmol/g pine bark (1.19 +/- 0.11 mug/g). The results suggest that naturally occurring progesterone from pine wood pulp contributes to increased progesterone levels downstream of paper mill effluent discharges and may serve as the natural steroid precursor for environmental androgen production that causes masculinization of female mosquitofish.

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Testosterone, epitestosterone and androstenedione in the pollen of scotch pineP. silvestris L.

Cited by 45 publications

References 6 publications

Identification of Androstenedione in a River Containing Paper Mill Effluent

Identification of Androstenedione in a River Containing Paper Mill Effluent

Initiation of breeding after winter in bank voles: effects of food and population density

Naturally occurring progesterone in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.): A major steroid precursor of environmental androgens

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