Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze (New Zealand Spinach) Prevents Obesity and Hyperuricemia in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Abstract

Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze, called New Zealand spinach (NZS), is an edible plant used in salad in Western countries and has been used to treat gastrointestinal diseases in traditional medicine. We examined the anti-obesity and anti-hyperuricemic effects of NZS and the underlying mechanisms in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Mice were fed a normal-fat diet (NFD); high-fat diet (HFD); HFD with 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg NZS extract; or 245 mg/kg Garcinia cambogia (GC) extract. NZS decreased body weight gain, total white adipose tissue (WAT), liver weight, and size of adipocytes and improved hepatic and plasma lipid profiles. With NZS, the plasma levels of the leptin and uric acid were significantly decreased while the levels of the adiponectin were increased. Furthermore, NZS decreased the expression levels of adipogenesis-related genes and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), which is involved in uric acid production, while increasing that of proteins associated with fatty acid oxidation. UPLC analysis revealed that NZS contained 6-methoxykaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucosyl(1′′′→2′′)-β-d-glucopyranoside, 6-methoxykaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucosyl(1′′′→2′′)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(6′′′′-caffeoyl)-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, and 6,4′-dimethoxykaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucosyl(1′′′→2′′)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(6′′′′-caffeoyl)-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside. These results suggest that NZS exerts anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemia, and anti-hyperuricemic effects in HFD-induced obese mice, which are partly explained by regulation of lipid-metabolism-related genes and proteins and decreased expression of XOR.

Nanophytomedicines for the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome: A Pharmacological and Biopharmaceutical Review

“…Obesity is a major global health concern and is characterized by an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure which causes excessive accumulation of fat in blood, adipose tissue, and liver (de Freitas Junior and de Almeida, 2017; Lee et al, 2018). Obesity is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases (Grigoraş et al, 2018).…”

Tetragonia tetragonioides Protected against Memory Dysfunction by Elevating Hippocampal Amyloid-β Deposition through Potentiating Insulin Signaling and Altering Gut Microbiome Composition

“…In our previous studies, TTK was found rich in polyphenol (5.88 ± 0.32 mg/g) and flavonoids (4.34 ± 0.23 mg/g), and 6-methoxy-kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucosyl(1" → 2")-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(6""-(E)-caffeoyl)-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (0.53 ± 0.003 mg/g), 6-methoxyflavonols (2-53 mg/g), and caffeic acid (0.32 ± 0.01) were detected as index compounds [13,17,18]. TTK was reported to prevent obesity and hyperuricemia in obese mice induced by a high-fat diet [19], improve the energy and glucose metabolism in estrogen-deficient rats [13], and increase the anti-inflammatory activity [17]. Moreover, it has antidepressant activity with increasing serotonin concentrations by decreasing the serotonin reuptake activity [20].…”

Uricostatic and uricosuric effect of grapefruit juice in potassium oxonate‐induced hyperuricemic mice

“…In another study, Chen, Li, Wu, Li, and Ma (2019) and Chen et al (2013) reported that lemon water and rutin exhibited urate lowering potential in a similar fashion. Previously, many natural products as well as their bioactive compounds are reported to inhibit XOD enzyme potently (Hongyan et al, 2016; Jhang et al, 2016; Kumar et al, 2018; Lee, Kim, Yuk, & Kim, 2018; Lee, Kim, Yuk, Lee, & Kim, 2018; Li et al, 2017; Liu et al, 2019; Mehmood, Zhao, Wang, Nadeem, et al, 2019; Peng, Lin, Zhao, & Sun, 2019; Wan et al, 2020).…”

“…Genome‐wide association studies reported that around 90% hyperuricemia patients exhibit under‐excretion of uric acid. The reabsorption and excretion of uric acid handle by multiple transporters in the intestine and renal tissues such as; URAT1, GLUT9, and breast cancer resistance protein or ATP‐binding cassette, subfamily G, 2 (BCRP, ABCG2) (Ichida et al, 2012; Lee, Kim, Yuk & Kim, 2018; Lee, Kim, Yuk, Lee, et al, 2018, 2019).…”