The focus of this paper is on decision making; more specifically, on what decision making requirements are needed in the future. We augur for a decision informatics paradigm; it is a real-time, information-based approach to decision making. The paradigm is supported by two sets of technologies (i.e., information and decision technologies) and underpinned by three disciplines (i.e., data fusion/analysis, decision modeling, and systems engineering). We begin by considering the context-and needs-for decision making as the economies of the world change and evolve, especially in regard to emerging services; then our proposed decision informatics paradigm is detailed and illustrated, together with an in-depth review of a critical, underpinning research area (dealing with real-time fusion and analysis of multiple nonhomogeneous data sources), followed by several concluding remarks.Index Terms-Data analysis, data fusion, decision making, mass customization, quantitative modeling, systems engineering.
I. CONTEXTUAL CONSIDERATIONST HE focus of this paper is on decision making; more specifically, on what decision making requirements are needed in the future. We augur for a decision informatics paradigm; it is a real-time, information-based approach to decision making. We begin by considering the context-and needs-for decision making as the economies of the world change and evolve (Section I), especially in regard to emerging services (Section II); then our proposed decision informatics paradigm is detailed and illustrated (Section III), together with an in-depth review of a critical, underpinning research area (Section IV), followed by several concluding remarks (Section V).In order to provide a context for considering current and future decision making requirements, it is instructive to review the critical stages in a nation's economic evolution [32]. As summarized in Table I, there have been thus far three stages. The first-mechanical-stage focuses on agriculture and mining (i.e., living off of the land, air, and sea); it seeks to enhance farming productivity, employs mechanical tools that have product life cycles on the order of decades, depends mostly on muscle power, embraces a living standard concerned with subsistence, and is limited in its scope of economic influence-primarily impacting the family or immediate locale. The second-electrical-stage focuses on manufacturing and construction (i.e., creating and producing products and structures); it seeks to enhance factory productivity, employs electromechanical machines that have product life cycles on the order of years, depends on both muscle and brain power, embraces a living standard concerned with the quality of goods, and is broader in its scope of economic influence-impacting the region or nation. The third-information-stage focuses on services (i.e., creating and delivering added value that is essentially intangible); it seeks to enhance information (i.e., processed data from a decision making perspective) productivity, employs information (including communicat...