The strain rate during the thermal deformation process has a decisive effect on the performance of the material. Herein, Inconel 625 alloy is subjected to thermal compression at different strain rates to obtain fretting wear samples with different microstructures. The effects of the recrystallized grain morphologies, textures, and microhardness values on the fretting wear resistance of thermally compressed Inconel 625 are studied. The results demonstrate that the thermally compressed Inconel 625 alloy underwent severe oxidation reactions during fretting wear, mainly Fe oxides. At an equal temperature, as the strain rate of thermal compression increases, the friction coefficient and wear volume are found to first decrease and then increase. When the strain rates during thermal compression are 0.1 and 1 s−1, the workpiece is in a relatively fine recrystallized grain form without texture and with high hardness. At this time, the thermally compressed Inconel 625 has a low friction coefficient, a small volume of wear, and a large number of oxides on its surface. Therefore, the thermal deformation microstructure has a great influence on the wear resistance. Improvement in the fretting wear resistance of the workpiece by adjusting the strain rate during the thermal deformation process is proposed.