1998
DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01260-2
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Th1 and Th2 cytokines in pregnancy, from a fetal viewpoint

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Cited by 16 publications
(9 citation statements)
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“…In reality, when faced with established responses, the Th1 effectors have little ability to down-regulate Th2 response. 24 Similarly, Th2 effector cells, carefully separated from the Th2like regulatory cells, have been shown to aggravate, rather that inhibit Th1-mediated inflammatory response. 25 Thus, as immunological phenomenon and infectious disease systems are understood with increasing sophistication, it is important to avoid immediate categorization into Th1-type or Th2-type responses.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In reality, when faced with established responses, the Th1 effectors have little ability to down-regulate Th2 response. 24 Similarly, Th2 effector cells, carefully separated from the Th2like regulatory cells, have been shown to aggravate, rather that inhibit Th1-mediated inflammatory response. 25 Thus, as immunological phenomenon and infectious disease systems are understood with increasing sophistication, it is important to avoid immediate categorization into Th1-type or Th2-type responses.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…interleukin [IL]-2, interferon [IFN]-g and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-a) are harmful or destructive and that Th2 type cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) in placenta tissues or in circulation are beneficial for fetal survival (Michie, 1998;Raghupathy, 2001;Bowen et al, 2002). Previous studies have proposed the clinical significance of cytokines in amniotic fluid obtained from genetic amniocentesis Spong et al, 1997;Hsu et al, 1998;Kara et al, 1998;Heikkinen et al, 2001).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The expression of cytokines at the interface as early as the peri-implantation period seemed to be a confirmation [see above 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161]; Th2 chemokines were even described by Tsuda et al [159], as important in the phenomenon so that according to most reviews [160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165], the Th1/Th2 seemed to reign supreme. It was often expressed in its (over)simplified form as done by Tom Wegmann for didactic reasons (but it was not , I can testify, having had discussions with him in Goa during the last days before his stroke, his ultimate thought!…”
Section: Reign Of the Th1/th2 Paradigmmentioning
confidence: 95%