Th1/Th2 cytokines and their genotypes as predictors of hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the predominant type of primary liver cancer, is one of the most serious life-threatening malignancies, worldwide. In majority of the cases, HCC develops after prolonged and persistent chronic liver disease. hepatitis B virus (HBV) or HCV infection is prominent etiological factors, attributing to this condition. It has been well documented that HBV, being the inducer of chronic inflammation, is the main causative agent in causing HCC, particularly in Asian countries. The HBV infection leads to a wide range of clinical symptoms from carrier state to malignancy. Cytokines being immune-modulatory molecules, are the key mediators in the defense mechanism against viral infection. In this regard, this review will detail the substantial role of key Th1: interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ; Th2: IL-4, IL-10 and non Th1/Th2: IL-6, transforming growth factor-β1 cytokines genotypes in analyzing the variability in the clinical manifestations in an HBV-afflicted individual, which might finally, culminates into HCC. Since cytokine production is regulated genetically, the cytokine promoter region single-nucleotide polymorphisms induced changes, greatly affects the cytokine production, thus resulting into differential outcome of immune balance.

Impact of host gene polymorphisms on susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus infection

“…Moreover, IL-10 SNPs are associated with higher risk of HBV-related HCC in some populations (Shin et al, 2003c;Tseng et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2006). Further, as reported by Saxena et al (2014a) and Saxena and Kaur (2015), the CC/TA genotype of − 592 A/C and − 819 T/C to be in a significant positive association with HBV-related HCC and disease development. While Nieters et al (2005) showed that the wild and heterozygous genotypes had no significant association with HCC.…”

The role of Th1/Th2 cytokines played in regulation of specific CD4 + Th1 cell conversion and activation during inflammatory reaction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

“…IFN‐γ is likely to be important in early host defense against infection, whereas T lymphocytes become the major source of IFN‐γ in the adaptive immune response . IL‐2, a pro‐inflammatory and strong immunoregulatory Th1 cytokines, affects various immune cells . IL‐4 plays a pivotal role in Th2 cell proliferation, cytokines production and IgE synthesis, while IL‐13 is important in the pathological features of disease …”

“…11 IL-2, a pro-inflammatory and strong immunoregulatory Th1 cytokines, affects various immune cells. 12 IL-4 plays a pivotal role in Th2 cell proliferation, cytokines production and IgE synthesis, while IL-13 is important in the pathological features of disease. 13 In this study, the concentration of IFN-c of COPD patients in both the acute exacerbation and remission was significantly higher than that in control group, and AECOPD group was slightly lower than in remission group.…”

The Immune Response Against Oryzatensin Increase VEGF and MMP-9 Experssion in HEP-G2 Cell Line

“…Th cells play a critical role in the immune system responses regulation. These cells based on the cytokines production subdivide to Th1 or Th2 [20,21]. Th1 based response increases IFN-γ production which in turn has direct effect on the proliferation of Th1.…”