Th1/Th2 immune responses and oxidative stress in caprine flea allergy dermatitis

Abstract

Flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) is the common, often neglected skin disease of goats caused mainly by Ctenocephalides felis. This study aimed to evaluate the immuno-oxidative pathobiology of FAD in goats. Twelve goats from the same herd were divided into two groups of six animals each. The group I (FAD) included animals with natural flea infestation and severe dermatitis lesions. The group II (Healthy control) animals were free from any parasitic infestation. To assess the pathological changes, the markers of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione and total antioxidant capacity), and immune status (Tumour necrosis factor alpha, Interleukin 10, Transforming growth factor beta 1 and Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio) were evaluated from the blood and the serum samples. Remarkable oxidative stress and severe inflammatory response with Th2 cytokine dominance were observed in flea infested animals. Highly antigenic agents of fleas, either secretory or excretory or structural, induced severe inflammatory responses and significant oxidative stress in caprine FAD. Massive release of cytokines may be responsible for severe skin inflammation and lesions in FAD in contrast to other Th2 dominant ectoparasitic skin conditions of goats'.

Sulforaphane has a therapeutic effect in an atopic dermatitis murine model and activates the Nrf2/HO‑1 axis

“…Eosinophils are involved in T helper 2 (Th2)-immune response in AD and Th2/Th22-dominant allergic responses, which are considered as the major molecular mechanism in AD. In addition, Th2 cytokines induce oxidative stress and severe inflammatory response, and lead to the aggravation of AD (49). Infiltration of eosinophils amplifies Th2-immune responses and Th2 cells begin secreting IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, which augments skin inflammation (43,50).…”

“…Infiltration of eosinophils amplifies Th2-immune responses and Th2 cells begin secreting IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, which augments skin inflammation (43,50). A recent study (49) reported notable findings about AD; dupilumab, an anti-IL-4-receptor-α monoclonal antibody, can block signaling of IL-4 and IL-13, which are type 2/Th2 cytokines implicated in numerous allergic diseases, including AD. In this 1-year, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, signs and symptoms of patients with AD were alleviated by dupilumab with acceptable safety.…”

Molecular mechanisms underlying stress response and adaptation

“…Animals, plants, and microorganisms are all exposed to a broad range of environmental stresses, leading to the development of a wide variety of stress responses and adaptations . Responses include changes in gene expression, as well as morphological and physiological changes . A wide variety of adaptations have evolved, as they impact the survival and distribution of species .…”

“…[1][2][3] Responses include changes in gene expression, as well as morphological and physiological changes. [4][5][6] A wide variety of adaptations have evolved, as they impact the survival and distribution of species. 7,8 For example, in response to diverse genotoxic stresses, such as ionizing and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, oxidative stress, and chemotherapeutic agents, the genotoxic stress response system is activated to repair DNA damage; in the case of irreparable damage, apoptosis is induced in favor of organismal survival.…”

Quarter-Century Explorations of Bioactive Polyphenols: Diverse Health Benefits

“…(b) Polyphenols increase the growth of probiotics: Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, known to have beneficial impacts in food allergies. (c) By targeting the pathogenesis of allergy [226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233], the effective polyphenolic anti-oxidative stress (please refer to 3.1 (1) to (6) & 4.1) readily eases allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, and beyond.…”