The (2′‐5′)Oligoadenylate Synthetase is Present in the Lowest Multicellular Organisms, the Marine Sponges

Kuusksalu, Anne; Pihlak, Arno; Müller, Werner; Kelve, Merike

doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.351zz.x

Cited by 49 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…dsRNA for the duck (7 g) was included in the experiment on panel b for comparison. The chi-square statistic was used to assess the significance of the observed antiviral protection relative to positive controls: (a) poly CG ( (17,28), and the possibility that these genes exist in crustaceans and play a role in antiviral immunity cannot be excluded. On the other hand, signal transduction pathways homologous to those known to regulate the vertebrate IFN response do exist in arthropods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of Antiviral Immunity by Double-Stranded RNA in a Marine Invertebrate

Robalino¹,

Browdy

Prior

et al. 2004

J Virol

270

168

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Vertebrates mount a strong innate immune response against viruses, largely by activating the interferon system. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a common intermediate formed during the life cycle of many viruses, is a potent trigger of this response. In contrast, no general inducible antiviral defense mechanism has been reported in any invertebrate. Here we show that dsRNA induces antiviral protection in the marine crustacean Litopenaeus vannamei. When treated with dsRNA, shrimp showed increased resistance to infection by two unrelated viruses, white spot syndrome virus and Taura syndrome virus. Induction of this antiviral state is independent of the sequence of the dsRNA used and therefore distinct from the sequence-specific dsRNAmediated genetic interference phenomenon. This demonstrates for the first time that an invertebrate immune system, like its vertebrate counterparts, can recognize dsRNA as a virus-associated molecular pattern, resulting in the activation of an innate antiviral response.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of Antiviral Immunity by Double-Stranded RNA in a Marine Invertebrate

Robalino¹,

Browdy

Prior

et al. 2004

J Virol

270

168

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“…Sponges possess elements involved in transplantation immunity that are key components of mammalian innate immunity (8). These include molecules containing scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains (9), TLRs (10), the 2Ј,5Ј-oligoadenylate synthetase (11), cytokine-like molecules (12), and also factors similar to those produced by cytokine-responsive macrophage molecules such as the allograft inflammatory factor 1 (13). In addition, hallmarks of adaptive immune systems such as Ig-like domains have been identified in sponges (14,15), in some cases exhibiting intraspecific polymorphism (16,17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclosporin A Suspends Transplantation Reactions in the Marine SpongeMicrociona prolifera

Sabella

Himic

Colpitts

et al. 2007

The Journal of Immunology

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Sponges are the simplest extant animals but nevertheless possess self-nonself recognition that rivals the specificity of the vertebrate MHC. We have used dissociated cell assays and grafting techniques to study tissue acceptance and rejection in the marine sponge Microciona prolifera. Our data show that allogeneic, but not isogeneic, cell contacts trigger cell death and an increased expression of cell adhesion and apoptosis markers in cells that accumulate in graft interfaces. Experiments investigating the possible existence of immune memory in sponges indicate that faster second set reactions are nonspecific. Among the different cellular types, gray cells have been proposed to be the sponge immunocytes. Fluorescence confocal microscopy results from intact live grafts show the migration of autofluorescent gray cells toward graft contact zones and the inhibition of gray cell movements in the presence of nontoxic concentrations of cyclosporin A. These results suggest that cell motility is an important factor involved in sponge self/nonself recognition. Communication between gray cells in grafted tissues does not require cell contact and is carried by an extracellular diffusible marker. The finding that a commonly used immunosuppressor in human transplantation such as cyclosporin A blocks tissue rejection in marine sponges indicates that the cellular mechanisms for regulating this process in vertebrates might have appeared at the very start of metazoan evolution.

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“…The triphosphorylated (2′-5′)A dimer, separated and desalted as described above, was treated with calf intestinal phosphatase (Boehringer Mannheim) for 5 h at 37°C [34]. The resulting dephosphorylated core dimer was re-chromatographed in a methanol gradient as described above.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, we have discovered high (2′-5′)A synthetase activity in the marine sponge G. cydonium [34]. (2′-5′)oligoadenylates isolated from crude sponge extract competed with authentic chemically synthesized (2′-5′)A for binding to polyclonal antiserum against (2′-5′)A [35].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of the reaction products of (2′‐5′)oligoadenylate synthetase in the marine sponge

Kuusksalu¹,

Subbi²,

Pehk³

et al. 1998

European Journal of Biochemistry

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Previously we reported on the presence of a high (2′-5′)oligoadenylate synthetase activity in the marine sponge Geodia cydonium [Kuusksalu, A., Pihlak, A., Müller, W. E. G. & Kelve, M. (1995) Eur. J. Biochem. 232, 351Ϫ357]. The presence of (2′-5′)oligoadenylates [(2′-5′)A] in crude sponge extract was shown by radioimmunoassay and by their HPLC comigration with authentic (2′-5′)A oligomers. In addition, the sponge (2′-5′)oligoadenylates displayed biological activity, as determined by inhibition studies of protein biosynthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. In the present study individual (2′-5′)oligoadenylates synthesized by sponge enzyme were separated by HPLC. The exact composition of every oligonucleotide peak eluted was determined by matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis. The 2′-5′ phosphodiester bond in oligoadenylates was verified by NMR analysis. Based on the high concentration of (2′-5′)A oligomers in G. cydonium and their similarity with those found in mammals we propose that the (2′-5′)A system is involved in a cytokine-mediated pathway and/ or in a protection system against viruses, present in the marine environment.Keywords : (2′-5′)oligoadenylate; Geodia cydonium ; matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization MS; NMR.Sponges (Porifera) are the simplest multicellular animals, which have existed since the Proteozoic period [1]. In the past few years several cDNA/gene sequences have been isolated and characterized from sponges, especially from the marine demosponge Geodia cydonium. Analyses revealed that sponges contain proteins of the extracellular matrix/basal lamina (e.g. integrin receptor [2], collagen [3] or galectin [4,5]), cell-surface receptors (tyrosine kinase receptor [6]), elements of the sensory system (crystallin [7], metabotropic glutamate receptor [8]) and homologs/modules of an immune system (immunoglobulin-like domains [9], scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains and short consensus repeats [10], Rh-like protein [11]). These molecules were found to display high similarity to sequences from members of higher metazoan phyla [12].Recently a cDNA encoding a putative cytokine, the endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide [13], was identified in G. cydonium [14]. The physiological role of this factor in sponges is not known. One pathway in mammalian organisms which is controlled by cytokine(s) is the (2′-5′)oligoadenylate [2′-5′(A)] system. It regulates the RNA degradation pathway and is inCorrespondence to M. Kelve,

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The (2′‐5′)Oligoadenylate Synthetase is Present in the Lowest Multicellular Organisms, the Marine Sponges

Cited by 49 publications

References 48 publications

Induction of Antiviral Immunity by Double-Stranded RNA in a Marine Invertebrate

Induction of Antiviral Immunity by Double-Stranded RNA in a Marine Invertebrate

Cyclosporin A Suspends Transplantation Reactions in the Marine SpongeMicrociona prolifera

Identification of the reaction products of (2′‐5′)oligoadenylate synthetase in the marine sponge

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