The AAP gene family for amino acid permeases contributes to development of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in roots of Arabidopsis

Elashry, Abdelnaser; Okumoto, Sakiko; Siddique, Shahid; Koch, Wolfgang; Kreil, David P.; Bohlmann, Holger

doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.016

Cited by 39 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…Two categories of transporters are specifically upregulated in plant tissues harbouring giant cells, the first of which regulates the import of amino acid (i.e. amino acid/auxin permeasefamily, and lysine and histidine transporters; Elashry et al, 2013;Marella et al, 2013). The second class of transport proteins specifically regulated in association with giant cells mediates the import of sugars (SUC-family; Juergensen et al, 2003;Hammes et al, 2005;Hofmann et al, 2009b).…”

Section: Nematode-induced Phloem Unloadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parallel adaptations and common host cell responses enabling feeding of obligate and facultative plant parasitic nematodes

2018

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SUMMARYParallel adaptations enabling the use of plant cells as the primary food source have occurred multiple times in distinct nematode clades. The hallmark of all extant obligate and facultative plant-feeding nematodes is the presence of an oral stylet, which is required for penetration of plant cell walls, delivery of pharyngeal gland secretions into host cells and selective uptake of plant assimilates. Plant parasites from different clades, and even within a single clade, display a large diversity in feeding behaviours ranging from short feeding cycles on single cells to prolonged feeding on highly sophisticated host cell complexes. Despite these differences, feeding of nematodes frequently (but certainly not always) induces common responses in host cells (e.g. endopolyploidization and cellular hypertrophy). It is thought that these host cell responses are brought about by the interplay of effectors and other biological active compounds in stylet secretions of feeding nematodes, but this has only been studied for the most advanced sedentary plant parasites. In fact, these responses are thought to be fundamental for prolonged feeding of sedentary plant parasites on host cells. However, as we discuss in this review, some of these common plant responses to independent lineages of plant parasitic nematodes might also be generic reactions to cell stress and as such their onset may not require specific inputs from plant parasitic nematodes. Sedentary plant parasitic nematodes may utilize effectors and their ability to synthesize other biologically active compounds to tailor these common responses for prolonged feeding on host cells.

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Section: Nematode-induced Phloem Unloadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parallel adaptations and common host cell responses enabling feeding of obligate and facultative plant parasitic nematodes

2018

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“…As other members of the Arabidopsis AAP family also might be expressed in the phloem (or vascular parenchyma) and play a role in moving amino acids toward or into the phloem (Fischer et al, 1995;Hirner et al, 1998, Okumoto et al, 2002Tegeder et al, 2007Hunt et al, 2010;Tan et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2010;Tegeder and Ward, 2012;Elashry et al, 2013), the leaf expression of different AAPs was analyzed in the mutants and the wild type using quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR. The results showed no change in AAP1, AAP2, AAP4, AAP5, and AAP6 transporter expression profiles during the vegetative stage ( Fig.…”

Section: Source-to-sink Transport Of Amino Acids Is Reduced In Aap8 Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5; Fischer et al, 1995, 2002). Besides AAP8, other members of the Arabidopsis AAP family are expressed in rosette/source leaves, and among those, AAP1, which shares a close homology with AAP8, and AAP4 also seem to be present in the phloem of minor and major veins, most probably contributing to amino acid phloem loading (Fischer et al, 1995;Chen, 2006;Liu and Bush, 2006;Elashry et al, 2013). In addition, AAP2, AAP3, and AAP6 were localized to the transport phloem (e.g.…”

Section: Aap8 Is Essential For Phloem Loading Of Amino Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, six of eight members of the Arabidopsis AAP family have been localized to the vasculature or phloem of leaves and other organs. AAP1 and AAP4 seem to be present in the phloem of leaf minor and major veins (Fischer et al, 1995;Chen, 2006;Liu and Bush, 2006;Elashry et al, 2013), while AAP2 and AAP3 were localized to the transport phloem of leaf major veins, stem, and/or roots (Hirner et al, 1998;Okumoto et al, 2004;Zhang et al, 2010;Tegeder and Ward, 2012). Furthermore, promoter-reporter gene studies suggest AAP8 expression in the vasculature of floral buds and siliques (Okumoto et al, 2002) and AAP6 localization to the vascular parenchyma throughout the plant (Okumoto et al, 2004;Hunt et al, 2010).…”

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Connecting Source with Sink: The Role of Arabidopsis AAP8 in Phloem Loading of Amino Acids

2016

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Allocation of large amounts of nitrogen to developing organs occurs in the phloem and is essential for plant growth and seed development. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and many other plant species, amino acids represent the dominant nitrogen transport forms in the phloem, and they are mainly synthesized in photosynthetically active source leaves. Following their synthesis, a broad spectrum of the amino nitrogen is actively loaded into the phloem of leaf minor veins and transported within the phloem sap to sinks such as developing leaves, fruits, or seeds. Controlled regulation of the source-to-sink transport of amino acids has long been postulated; however, the molecular mechanism of amino acid phloem loading was still unknown. In this study, Arabidopsis AMINO ACID PERMEASE8 (AAP8) was shown to be expressed in the source leaf phloem and localized to the plasma membrane, suggesting its function in phloem loading. This was further supported by transport studies with aap8 mutants fed with radiolabeled amino acids and by leaf exudate analyses. In addition, biochemical and molecular analyses revealed alterations in leaf nitrogen pools and metabolism dependent on the developmental stage of the mutants. Decreased amino acid phloem loading and partitioning to sinks led to decreased silique and seed numbers, but seed protein levels were unchanged, demonstrating the importance of AAP8 function for sink development rather than seed quality. Overall, these results show that AAP8 plays an important role in source-to-sink partitioning of nitrogen and that its function affects source leaf physiology and seed yield.

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“…WRKY23 was found to be important for development of syncytia in Arabidopsis roots (Grunewald et al, 2008). Recently, amino acid transporters have been demonstrated to be involved in the establishment of syncytia in Arabidopsis roots (Elashry et al, 2013).…”

Section: Host Transcriptomes In Response To Nematode Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant-nematode Interactions: From Genomics to Metabolomics

Ali¹,

Abbas²,

Azeem³

et al. 2015

IJAB

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Plant parasitic nematodes are obligate parasites causing serious reduction in crop yields. Several economically important species parasitize various plant species, but the root knot and cyst nematodes belonging to the Heteroderidae family are especially dangerous. Plant parasitic nematodes result in crop losses of over $150 billion worldwide. This review gives an account of morpho-physiological and molecular events during parasitism of root-knot and cyst nematodes. It describes the transcriptomes and parasitomes of various nematodes indicating that the effector proteins are crucial for the compatible plant nematode interactions. Various sequencing techniques used in plant-nematode genomics and transcriptomics are discussed. Moreover, the dynamics of host transcriptomes in response to infection with different nematode species have been reported. The host transcriptomes have unrevealed many candidate genes, which are involved in both compatible and incompatible plant nematode interactions. The strategy of manipulation of expression of the genes induced and suppressed by the nematodes in the feeding sites has also been suggested for enhancement of resistance against nematodes. This review will provide the researchers with the information regarding transcriptional changes in the nematodes as well as host plants, which would be important for the induction of resistance against nematodes in different crop plants.

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The AAP gene family for amino acid permeases contributes to development of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in roots of Arabidopsis

Cited by 39 publications

References 42 publications

Parallel adaptations and common host cell responses enabling feeding of obligate and facultative plant parasitic nematodes

Parallel adaptations and common host cell responses enabling feeding of obligate and facultative plant parasitic nematodes

Connecting Source with Sink: The Role of Arabidopsis AAP8 in Phloem Loading of Amino Acids

Plant-nematode Interactions: From Genomics to Metabolomics

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