The Ability of the Skin to Change its Insensible Perspiration

Spruit, D.; Herweyer, H.E.

doi:10.1159/000254277

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The amount of dominant sweating is related to factors such as physical activity intensity, ambient temperature, and humidity [ 13 ]. Non-dominant sweating refers to the loss of water evaporated through the skin surface when there is no activity of sweat glands [ 14 ]. At present, there have been explorations on the measurement methods of non-dominant sweating at home and abroad, such as the method of a dynamic box and the method of a condenser [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the energy expenditure, sources, and loss of water among young adults

Zhang

et al. 2022

Nutr Metab (Lond)

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Background Few studies on measuring human energy expenditure with the doubly labeled water method has been conducted in China. The sources and loss of water among human body have never been systematically evaluated. Less data can be available for the development of the recommendation on energy expenditure and water intake. The objective of this study was to determine the energy expenditure, water sources, and loss among young adults. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 25 participants were recruited. Double-labeled water was used to determine their energy expenditure. Water loss through skin evaporation and respiration of the lungs and water sources from metabolic water were calculated using corresponding formula, respectively. Water loss through excretion of urine was recorded and evaluated using “3-day, 24-h, real-time urine excretion record” method. All urine samples were collected and weighed in the 3 days. Water loss through excretion of feces was evaluated using “3-day, 24-h, real-time fecal-excretion record” method. All fecal samples were collected and tested by the direct drying method. Water sources from fluid intake were recorded by “7-day, 24-h, real-time fluid intake record” method. Water intake from food was calculated and tested by the weighing method combined with the duplicate portion method and the direct drying method in the 3 days. Results The energy expenditure of males was 2187 kcal/d, and that of females was 1987 kcal/d. The median fluid intake, water intake from food, and metabolic water were 887, 1173 and 246 mL, respectively, which accounted for 38.8%, 50.3%, and 11.2% of total water sources. There was a gender difference in the percentage of metabolic water (Z = − 2.135, P = 0.033). The water loss through urine excretion, skin evaporation, respiration, and feces excretion was 1295, 172, 149 and 64 mL, respectively, which accounted for 76.5%, 10.3%, 9.5%, and 3.6% of the total water losses. Gender differences in the amount of water loss through respiration and skin evaporation were found (Z = − 4.125, P < 0.001; Z = − 3.723, P < 0.001). Conclusions Energy expenditure of male was higher than that of female. The first major water sources was water intake from food in this study, and the first major water loss was urine excretion. Trial registration The study was registered on the website of Chinese clinical trial registry, and the code of identification is ChiCTR1900028746.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the energy expenditure, sources, and loss of water among young adults

Zhang

et al. 2022

Nutr Metab (Lond)

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“…“Insensible perspiration” is the evaporation from the human body caused by the diffusion of water on the skin’s surface and the exchange of water vapor in the respiratory system. It occurs continuously and is unnoticeable [ 24 ]. When the ambient temperature rises or the activity intensity increases, the heat emitted by the human body through radiation and convection is unable to eliminate the heat generated by metabolism, so the sweat glands begin to secrete sweat to maintain body heat balance; this visible sweating phenomenon is called sensible perspiration [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Considerable Water Evaporation Induced by Human Perspiration and Respiration in Megacities: Quantifying Method and Case Study in Beijing

Liu

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The water cycle in urban areas is called the natural-social dualistic water cycle, and it is driven not only by natural forces, but also by human activities. As the drivers of the social water cycle, human perspire continuously, and this is often overlooked as a contributing factor to the water cycle. This paper proposes a method for quantifying the water evaporation induced by human perspiration and respiration in megacities. A calculation based on the sweating prediction model was applied to the city of Beijing to evaluate the evaporation from the human body. The results show that the greatest volume of evaporation produced by human occurs in summer, and the least in spring. The total evaporation produced by human was converted to the evaporation on unit area of the city and reached 5075.2 m3/km2 in the six core districts of Beijing. According to the calculation, the total volume was considerable and reached 14.0 million m3 in 2020, which was equivalent to the annual evapotranspiration from an area of 104.9 km2 of Acer truncatum forest (15 cm diameter at breast height, afforestation density 800 plants/hm2), and even twice the annual total water use in Tartu, Estonia. The results of the study provide a reference for dualistic water cycle research and water cycle flux calculation in urban areas.

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