The Ability of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crasipes Mart.) and Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes Linn.) for Reducing Pollutants in Batik Wastewater

Abstract

Batik produced by craftsmen is categorized as a small and medium industry. The problem of Batik production is less attention to the environment because the craftsmen lived in the middle of a residential area that has inexperience. One of less attention to the environment is no treatment of wastewater that reaches up to 95 % (61.9 L each cloth). Thus it polluted the river. This research aimed to treat the wastewater of Batik production by using phytoremediation. In this study, phytoremediation was carried out in three tanks in series using Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes which are abundant in Indonesia. The treated wastewater was evaluated for its ammonia and chromium (Cr). The results showed that ammonia reduced 78.36 % by E. crassipes, and 73.13 % P. stratiotes. While E. crassipes reduced Cr by 63.76 % and P. stratiotes by 83.39 %. This research concluded that E. crassipes and P. stratiotes are potential plants to reduce the pollutants in Batik wastewater.

Sustainable Development of Batik Industry: A Literature Review

“…There are eight studies included in the dyeing sub-category [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. Moreover, 15 studies are included in the waste sub-category [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. This sub-category has the most papers among all the categories.…”

“…[53] applies cationic surfactant-modified Mengkuang leaves to batik wastewater. [55] uses phytoremediation to treat wastewater. Kenaf is used in wastewater [49].…”

Systematic Review of the Efficiency of Aquatic Plants in the Wastewater Treatment

“…According to table 4, the most efficient aquatic plant is Eichhornia crassipes, not only because of the demand for its use in recent research but also because the degree of removal in different sectors such as the textile industry, food manufacturing, ammonia waste has been 70-98% in 15 days; likewise, Salvinia molesta showed its capacity to remove contaminants at 96%. The researchers Mohammed and Mustafa tell us that Eichhornia Crassipes is an aquatic weed that performs an effective removal of nitrates and nitrites up to 93% in this way the free nutrients of the wastewater eliminate the pollutants once the interaction with the plant from the root has taken place, especially metallic pollutants such as ammonia, lead, zinc and cadmium, with results after 2 days, which makes it doubly effective [33][31] [34]. Eichhornia Crassipes known as water hyacinth or water lily, from the Pontederiaceae family, is considered as an invasive plant in the world by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), however, it does not live at temperatures lower than 0°C and the type of reproduction is vegetative through stolons, although it can also be obtained through seeds, but with a low germination rate [4] [35] [26].…”

Reducing Energy and Water Consumption in Textile Dyeing Industry with Cleaner Production by Inlet-Outlet Modification to Reuse Wastewater

“…Núñez et al [14] evaluated the electrocoagulation for efficient removal of pollutants in the industrial liquid waste with some variables to remove 86 % colour, 82 % turbidity, and 59 % COD without a negative effect on the dyed fabric quality. Chiarello et al [15] evaluated [4]. The industry should always be assessed the environmental performance from process and product perspectives.…”