The Accurate Mass Formulas of Leptons, Quarks, Gauge Bosons, the Higgs Boson, and Cosmic Rays

Abstract

One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle masses is solved by the accurate mass formulas which calculate accurately and predict theoretically the particle masses of all leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays (the knees-ankles-toe) by using only five known constants: the number (seven) of the extra spatial dimensions in the eleven-dimensional membrane, the mass of electron, the masses of Z and W bosons, and the fine structure constant. The calculated masses are in excellent agreements with the observed masses. For examples, the calculated masses of muon, top quark, pion, neutron, and the Higgs boson are 105.55 MeV, 175.4 GeV, 139.54 MeV, 939.43 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively, in excellent agreements with the observed 105.65 MeV, 173.3 GeV, 139.57 MeV, 939.27 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively. The mass formulas also calculate accurately the masses of the new particle at 750 GeV from the LHC and the new light boson at 17 MeV. The theoretical base of the accurate mass formulas is the periodic table of elementary particles. As the periodic table of elements is derived from atomic orbitals, the periodic table of elementary particles is derived from the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals. All elementary particles including leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles. The periodic table of elementary particles is based on the theory of everything as the computer simulation model of physical reality consisting of the mathematical computation, digital representation and selective retention components. The computer simulation model of physical reality provides the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals for the periodic table of elementary particles.

The Periodic Table of Elementary Particles for Baryonic Matter and Dark Matter: Upward-Going ANITA Events

“…The masses of unstable leptons and quarks (d = 7 and 8) on the auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals are derived from the masses of electron (F 6 ), B 6 , and B 7 [12], so the masses on the auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals are derived from the masses on the principal mass dimensional orbitals. Fractional charge quarks are on the auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals, and have SU µ′ and τ ν ′ , respectively, are outside of the three generations of leptons and quarks.…”

Pseudoscalar Top-Bottom Quark-Antiquark Composite as the Resonance with 28 GeV at the LHC: Hadron Masses and Higgs Boson Masses Based on the Periodic Table of Elementary Particles

“…The periodic table of elementary particles is based on the seven mass dimensional orbitals derived from the seven extra dimensions of 11 spacetime dimensional membrane particles [2] [3] [4]. The seven mass dimensional orbitals include the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals for stable baryonic matter leptons (electron and neutrinos), gauge bosons, gravity, and dark matter and the seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals for unstable leptons (muon and tau) and quarks, and calculate accurately the masses of all elementary particles and the cosmic rays by using only five known constants [5] [6]. Hadron masses can be calculated in excellent agreement with the observed masses of hadrons.…”

An Explanation for the Violation of Lepton Universality in Beauty-Quark Decays: The Binary Isotope Mixture of Beauty-Quarks

“…gaseous molecules. One of the well-known examples of the binary isotope mixture is the binary isotope mixture of 3 He/ 4 He from the degassing of the Earth's mantle through magmatism that results in the irreversible loss of helium to space, and high 3 He/ 4 He ratios observed in oceanic basalts have been considered the main evidence for a "primordial" undegassed deep mantle reservoir [15]. The initial ratio of the degassing rates from Graham's law between 3 He/ 4 He is as follows.…”