This chapter will present evidence to suggest that emotion is best defined, not as a single reaction, but as a process: Emotion involves multiple responses, organized according to temporal and spatial parameters. Thus, events that are positive/appetitive or aversive/threatening engage attention. They prompt information gathering, and do so more than other less motivationally relevant stimuli. Motive cues also occasion metabolic arousal, anticipatory responses that are oriented towards the engaging event, a mobilization of the organism that can lead to some action. Emotional processing can be compressed into fractions of a second or considerably extended in time. We suggest that neural networks underlying emotion include direct connections to the brain's primary motivational systems, appetitive and defensive. These neural circuits were laid down early in our evolutionary history, in primitive cortex, subcortex, and midbrain, to mediate behaviors basic to the survival of individuals and species. Unconditioned and conditioned appetitive and aversive stimuli activate these motivational circuits. They determine the general mobilization of the organism, the deployment of reflexive attentional, approach, and defensive behaviors, and mediate the formation of conditioned associations originally based on primary reinforcement.