The active microbes and biochemical processes contributing to deterioration of Angkor sandstone monuments under the tropical climate in Cambodia – A review

Li, Jing; Deng, Mao; Gao, Lin; Yen, Su-Fen; Katayama, Yoko; Gu, Ji‐Dong

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.010

Cited by 34 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Similar trends of Proteobacteria have also been reported for other tombs or caves, such as Altamira caves, Heshang Cave and the tomb of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty [20,21,42]. For Actinobacteria, it often dominant inside of cultural relics, such as Dahuting Han Dynasty Tomb, the Altamira caves, and the Roman catacombs Temperature and humidity are the two main environmental factors that drive the microbial distribution in natural ecosystems [33][34][35][36]. Once ancient cultural relics were open to the public, the microorganisms would be ecologically distributed and changed according to the environmental conditions, especially according to the temperature and moisture conditions [17,37,38].…”

Section: Changing Patterns Of Microbial Community Along the Temperatu...supporting

confidence: 68%

“…However, the temperature and moisture conditions had different influences on bacterial patterns [36,40]. In this study, temperature decreased from the entrance to the back room, while the moisture increased from the entrance to the back room in both mausoleums.…”

Section: Changing Patterns Of Microbial Community Along the Temperatu...mentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Temperature and humidity are the two main environmental factors that drive the microbial distribution in natural ecosystems [33][34][35][36]. Once ancient cultural relics were open to the public, the microorganisms would be ecologically distributed and changed according to the environmental conditions, especially according to the temperature and moisture conditions [17,37,38].…”

Section: Changing Patterns Of Microbial Community Along the Temperatu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature and Moisture Gradients Drive the Shifts of the Bacterial Microbiomes in 1000-Year-Old Mausoleums

Zhou

et al. 2022

Atmosphere

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Cultural relics conservation and prevention from bacterial deterioration are critical for our historical heritage. Thus far, the variations of the ecophysiological features of deteriorating bacterial communities along gradients of temperature and moisture remain unclear. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to investigate the changing pattern of bacterial communities on bricks at different positions along two such gradients in the Two Mausoleums of the Southern Tang Dynasty, which have more than 1000 years of history. We found that the tombs were inhabited by a phylogenetically and functionally diverse bacterial microbiomes. Herein, Proteobacteria (34.5%), Cyanobacteria (31.3%), Bacteroidetes (7.8%) and Actinobacteria (7.4%), as well as ‘Amino Acid Metabolism (11.2%)’ and ‘Carbohydrate Metabolism (10.5%)’ accounted for the majorities of their compositional and functional profiles related to biodeterioration. Non-metric scaling in combination with PERMANOVA tests indicated that shifts in bacterial community compositions were governed by temperature, followed by moisture. In addition, we found that tourism-related anthropogenic activities could have played non-negligible roles in community assembly, especially in the areas that account as attractions (i.e., back room of the Qinling Mausoleum). Collectively, this study advances the knowledge regarding the deteriorating microbiomes of cultural monuments, which is essential for the conservation of historical cultural relics.

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Section: Changing Patterns Of Microbial Community Along the Temperatu...supporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Changing Patterns Of Microbial Community Along the Temperatu...mentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Changing Patterns Of Microbial Community Along the Temperatu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature and Moisture Gradients Drive the Shifts of the Bacterial Microbiomes in 1000-Year-Old Mausoleums

Zhou

et al. 2022

Atmosphere

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“…Such variable’ cumulative effects, which speed up the process of significant stone monument deterioration and can be categorized as mechanical, chemical, industrial, and biological erosion, rather than their individual effects, make them mainly interconnected. The formation of biofilm on the exterior of stone monuments through biological weathering enhances the weathering process by increasing surface pollution, which results in secondary physical damage 10 . According to Sterflinger and Piar 2 , various kinds of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and sometimes animals and higher plants trigger the unwanted changes described as the biodeterioration of such essential stones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing durability and sustainable preservation of Egyptian stone monuments using metabolites produced by Streptomyces exfoliatus

Abd-Elhalim

Hemdan

El-Sayed

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Despite their threatens for Egyptian stone monuments, A few studies focused on using biocontrol agents against deteriorative fungi and bacteria instead of using chemical assays that leave residuals leading to human toxicity and environmental pollution. This work aims to isolate and identify fungal and bacterial isolates that showed deteriorative activities from stone monuments in Temple of Hathor, Luxor, Egypt, as well as determine the inhibitory activity of metabolites produced by Streptomyces exfoliatus SAMAH 2021 against the identified deteriorative fungal and bacterial strains. Moreover, studying the spectral analysis, toxicological assessment of metabolites produced by S. exfoliatus SAMAH 2021 against health human cell fibroblast, and colorimetric measurements on the selected stone monuments. Ten samples were collected from Temple of Hathor, Luxor, Egypt. Three fungal isolates and one bacterial isolate were obtained and identified as A. niger isolate Hathor 2, C. fioriniae strain Hathor 3, P. chrysogenum strain HATHOR 1, and L. sphaericus strain Hathor 4, respectively. Inhibitory potential of the metabolites in all concentrations used (100–25%) against the recommended antibiotics (Tetracycline 10 µg/ml and Doxycycline (30 µg/ml) showed an inhibitory effect toward all tested deteriorative pathogens with a minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 25%. Cytotoxicity test confirmed that microbial filtrate as the antimicrobial agent was safe for healthy human skin fibroblast with IC50 of < 100% and cell viability of 97%. Gas chromatography analysis recorded the existence of thirteen antimicrobial agents, Cis-vaccenic acid; 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid; ç-Butyl-ç-butyrolactone and other compounds. Colorimetric measurements confirmed no color or surface change for the limestone-treated pieces. The use of the metabolite of microbial species antimicrobial as a biocontrol agent raises contemporary issues concerning the bio-protection of the Egyptian monuments to reduce chemical formulas that are toxic to humans and pollute the environment. Such serious problems need further investigation for all kinds of monuments.

show abstract

“…Such variables' cumulative effects, which speed up the process of significant stone monument deterioration and can be categorized as mechanical, chemical, industrial, and biological erosion, rather than their individual effects, make them mainly interconnected. The formation of biofilm on the exterior of stone monuments through biological weathering enhances the weathering process by increasing surface pollution, which results in secondary physical damage 10 . According to Sterflinger and Piar 2 reported that various kinds of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and sometimes animals and higher plants trigger the unwanted changes described as the biodeterioration of such essential stones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing durability and Sustainable Preservation of Egyptian Stone Monuments Using metabolites produced by Streptomyces exfoliatus

Abd-Elhalim

Hemdan

El-Sayed

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Despite their threatens for Egyptian stone monuments, A few studies focused on using biocontrol agents against deteriorative fungi and bacteria instead of using chemical assays that leave residuals leading to human toxicity and environmental pollution. This work aims to isolate and identify fungal and bacterial isolates that showed deteriorative activities from stone monuments in Temple of Hathor, Luxor, Egypt, as well as determine the inhibitory activity of metabolites produced by Streptomyces exfoliatus against the identified deteriorative fungal and bacterial strains. Moreover, studying the spectral analysis, toxicological assessment of metabolites produced by S. exfoliatus against health human cell fibroblast (HCF), and colorimetric measurements on the selected stone monuments. Ten samples were collected from Temple of Hathor, Loxor, Egypt. Four fungal isolates and one bacterial isolate were obtained and identified as A. niger isolate Hathor 2, C. fioriniae strain Hathor 3, P. chrysogenum strain Hathor 1, and L. sphaericus strain Hathor 4, respectively. Inhibitory potential of the metabolites in all concentrations used (100–25%) against the recommended antibiotics (Tetracycline 10 µg/ml and Doxycycline 30 µg/ml) showed an inhibitory effect toward all tested deteriorative pathogens with a minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 25%. Cytotoxicity test confirmed that S. exfoliatus filtrate as the antimicrobial agent was safe for healthy human skin fibroblast with IC50 of < 100% and cell viability of 97%. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis recorded the existence of thirteen antimicrobial agents, Cis-vaccenic acid; 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid; ç-Butyl-ç-butyrolactone and other compounds. Colorimetric measurements confirmed no color or surface change for the limestone-treated pieces. The use of S. exfoliatus antimicrobial as a biocontrol agent raises contemporary issues concerning the bio-protection of the Egyptian monuments to reduce chemical formulas that are toxic to humans and pollute the environment. Such serious problems need further investigation for all kinds of monuments.

show abstract

The active microbes and biochemical processes contributing to deterioration of Angkor sandstone monuments under the tropical climate in Cambodia – A review

Cited by 34 publications

References 57 publications

Temperature and Moisture Gradients Drive the Shifts of the Bacterial Microbiomes in 1000-Year-Old Mausoleums

Temperature and Moisture Gradients Drive the Shifts of the Bacterial Microbiomes in 1000-Year-Old Mausoleums

Enhancing durability and sustainable preservation of Egyptian stone monuments using metabolites produced by Streptomyces exfoliatus

Enhancing durability and Sustainable Preservation of Egyptian Stone Monuments Using metabolites produced by Streptomyces exfoliatus

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