The activity of CART peptide fragments

Dyląg, Tomasz; Kotlińska, Jolanta; Rafalski, Piotr; Pachuta, Agnieszka; Silberring, Jerzy

doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.10.025

Cited by 44 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In any species that expresses both the long and the short forms of proCART, the amino acid sequences of CART 42–89 and CART 49–89 are identical to those of CART 55–102 and CART 62–102, respectively (see also below). There is some evidence that other fragments of proCART are active as well 10 , but most animal studies involve CART 55–102 and CART 62–102, and so this article focuses on those peptides.…”

Section: Gene Regulation and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

CART peptides: regulators of body weight, reward and other functions

et al. 2008

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Over the past decade or so, CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) peptides have emerged as major neurotransmitters and hormones. CART peptides are widely distributed in the CNS and are involved in regulating many processes, including food intake and the maintenance of body weight, reward and endocrine functions. Recent studies have produced a wealth of information about the location, regulation, processing and functions of CART peptides, but additional studies aimed at elucidating the physiological effects of the peptides and at characterizing the CART receptor(s) are needed to take advantage of possible therapeutic applications.

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Section: Gene Regulation and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

CART peptides: regulators of body weight, reward and other functions

et al. 2008

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“…Finally, there was no regulation of CART on the western blots. CART is heavily edited by post-transcriptional events yielding numerous slice variants (Dylag et al, 2006;Thim et al 1999;Kuhar & Yoho 1999). These data suggest that even though RNA copy number decreases, there may be adjustments in translational efficiency, or peptide turnover and degradation, which maintain CART peptide expression within a narrow range.…”

Section: Gene Expression Versus Protein Expressionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…CART mRNA and protein are expressed in various areas of the brain of humans, monkeys and rats, including hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal (Douglass et al 1995;Vrang 2006;Koylu et al 1997;Valera et al 2006); limbic system (Hurd & Fagergren 2000), and sensory cortex (Hurd & Fagergren 2000). CART is modified by posttranslational processing and several CART peptide fragments exist in the brain (Dylag et al, 2006;Thim et al 1999;Kuhar & Yoho 1999). However, CART-(55-102) is the best described fragment and it shows the most diverse profile of biological actions (Kristensen et al 1998;Bannon et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique responses of midbrain CART neurons in macaques to ovarian steroids

et al. 2008

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CART (cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript) is a neuropeptide involved in the control of several physiological processes, such as response to psychostimulants, food intake, depressive diseases and neuroprotection. It is robustly expressed in the brain, mainly in regions that control emotional and stress responses and it is regulated by estrogen in the hypothalamus. There is a distinct population of CART neurons located in the vicinity of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the midbrain that also colocalize urocortin-1. The aims of this study were 1) to determine the distribution of CART immunoreactive neurons in the monkey midbrain, 2) to examine the effects of estrogen (E) and progesterone (P) on midbrain CART mRNA and peptide expression and 3) to determine whether midbrain CART neurons contain steroid receptors. Adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were spayed and either treated with placebo (OVX), estrogen alone (E), progesterone alone (P) or E + P. Animals were prepared (a) for RNA extraction followed by microarray analysis and quantitative (q) RT-PCR (n=3/group); (b) for immunohistochemical analysis of CART and CART +tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), CART+estrogen receptors (ER) or CART+progesterone receptors (n=5/group) and (c) for western blots (n=3/group). Both E− and E+P-administration decreased CART gene expression on the microarray and with qRT-PCR. Stereological analysis of CART immunostaining at five levels of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus indicated little effect of E or E + P administration on the area of CART immunostaining. However, P administration increased CARTimmunopositive area in comparison to the OVX control group with Student's t-test, but not with ANOVA. CART 55-102 detection on western blot was unchanged by hormone administration. ERβand PR were detected in CART neurons and CART fibers appeared to innervate TPH-positive serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe. In summary, E decreased CART mRNA, but this effect did not translate to the protein level. Moreover, P administration alone had a variable effect on CART mRNA, but it caused an increase in CART immunostaining. Together, the data suggest that CART neurons in the midbrain have a unique steroid response, which may be mediated by nuclear receptors, neuroactive steroids or interneurons.

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“…In spite of the fact that this substance was described for the first time over 30 years ago [28], its exact functions in the living organism are not yet entirely clear. CART was found in several systems and organs, among them in the central and peripheral nervous system, especially in the hypothalamus [7,38]. It must be emphasized that during the last years the number of structures, where the presence of CART has been confirmed has sharply increased and one of these systems, being rich in CART is the ENS [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical evidence of the co-localisation of cocaine and amphetamine regulatory peptide with neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide and galanin within the circular muscle layer of the human caecum

et al. 2015

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The enteric nervous system consists of about one hundred million of neurons. In big mammals (including humans) intestinal enteric neuronal cells are grouped into three types of intramural ganglia located within myenteric, as well as outer and inner submucosal plexuses, which are connected by numerous nerve fibres. Both nerve fibres and cell bodies located in the gastrointestinal tract utilise a broad spectrum of active substances. One of them is cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART). The goal of the current study was to determinate the distribution and degree of co-localisation of CART with substances taking part in intestinal motor activity by double labelling immunofluorescence technique. During the study CART-, neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-and/or galanin (GAL) -like immunoreactive (LI)

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The activity of CART peptide fragments

Cited by 44 publications

References 39 publications

CART peptides: regulators of body weight, reward and other functions

CART peptides: regulators of body weight, reward and other functions

Unique responses of midbrain CART neurons in macaques to ovarian steroids

Immunohistochemical evidence of the co-localisation of cocaine and amphetamine regulatory peptide with neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide and galanin within the circular muscle layer of the human caecum

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