The acute effects of resistance exercise on the main determinants of blood rheology

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine short-term changes in blood rheological variables after a single bout of resistance exercise. Twenty-one healthy males completed three sets of 5 - 7 repetitions of six exercises at an intensity corresponding to 80% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM). The average duration of the exercise bout was 35 min. Venous blood samples were obtained before exercise, immediately after exercise and after 30 min of recovery and analysed for lactate, red blood cell count, haematocrit, haemoglobin, plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, total protein and albumin concentration. Plasma volume decreased 10.1% following resistance exercise. This occurred in parallel with an increase of 5.6%, 5.4% and 6.2% in red blood cell count, haemoglobin and haematocrit; respectively. Plasma viscosity increased from 1.55 +/- 0.01 to 1.64 +/- 0.01 mPa s immediately after resistance exercise before decreasing to 1.57 +/- 0.01 mPa s at the end of the recovery period. Similarly, fibrinogen, albumin and total protein increased significantly following resistance exercise. However, the rises in all these rheological parameters were transient and returned to pre-exercise values by the end of recovery. We conclude that a single session of heavy resistance exercise performed by normal healthy individuals alters blood rheological variables and that these changes are transient and could be attributed to exercise-induced haemoconcentration.

<b>Inflammatory response after session of resistance exercises in untrained volunteers

“…after the SRE is related the replenishment of the plasma volume (TEIXEIRA et al, 2014) especially after post-exercise hydration. The increase in the parameters two hours after exercise is more evident and derives from the systemic inflammatory response and we believe that these results best reflect musculoskeletal inflammation, since hemoconcentration has been reversed (AHMADIZAD; EL-SAYED, 2005;TEIXEIRA et al, 2014).…”

“…The activation of neutrophils during exercises may be related to many factors, such as muscular damage, hormonal factors and IL6 (PEAKE; SUZUKI, 2004). We emphasize that the period of 2 hours after SRE coincided with the peak concentration of inflammatory markers and the resulting neutrophilia (VELLA et al, 2012), once the hemoconcentration has already been reverted (AHMADIZAD; EL-SAYED, 2005). Nikolaidis et al (2008) suggested that the oxidative stress in blood and muscular tissues may manifest and persist for several days after the exercise.…”

“…Nevertheless, some studies have shown an increase in the antioxidant capacity after SRE (RAMEL et al, 2004;RIETJENS et al, 2007;HUDSON et al, 2008), which occurs due to the elevation of exogenous antioxidant plasma concentrations, especially of vitamins E (RAMEL et al, 2004;RIETJENS et al, 2007) and C (RIETJENS et al, 2007;HUDSON et al, 2008). These divergences are, somehow, due to the effects of hemoconcentration (AHMADIZAD; EL-SAYED, 2005;NAKAJIMA et al, 2010). In relation to the methodology applied in the present study, the plasma samples were diluted to protein concentrations (3.3 mg dL -1 ) in saline solution (0.9%), in order to eliminate the effects of hemoconcentration.…”

“…The increase in leukocytes, inflammatory markers and oxidative stress immediately after the SRE are due to hemoconcentration (RAMEL et al, 2004;AHMADIZAD, EL-SAYED, 2005;TEIXEIRA et al, 2014), and the interpretation of results should be adjusted for changes in plasma volume (TEIXEIRA et al, 2014), which can vary from 2 to 10% (RAMEL et al, 2004;AHMADIZAD, EL-SAYED, 2005). The return to the baseline values 30 min.…”

“…Besides, these changes (except the neutrophils) have disappeared within an hour after the end of the exercises. High intensity SRE causes disturbances in homeostasis by reorganizing the physiological responses of several tissues, including the hematopoietic, besides inducing changes in the concentration of circulating leukocytes immediately after its practice (AHMADIZAD; EL-SAYED, 2005;MENDHAM et al, 2011). However, the leukocytosis observed immediately after the SRE does not occur only due to mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response, but also to plasma volume reduction, and consequent viscosity increase, resulting in hemoconcentration (NAKAJIMA et al, 2010), which is reversed 30 min.…”