Modalities that induce specific differentiation to T cell memory in immune responses are important for vaccine design, but there is a paucity of well characterized molecular pathways useful to target for this purpose. We have shown previously that pentoxifylline (PF), a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor in common clinical use, enhances the commitment of in vitro alloprimed human T cells to secondary responsiveness, a characteristic crucial for memory T cells, which are key determinants of the longevity of the immune response. We now show that this effect can also be mediated by activation of adenylate cyclase (AC) and involves PDE4, but not PDE3 or PDE7. PFmediated enhancement of T-cell priming is inhibited by blocking AC, is specifically signaled via cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) isoform I, and is probably independent of both nuclear factor-B and the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Furthermore, known pharmacological inhibitors of AC or PKA by themselves cannot block T-cell priming in the absence of PF or rolipram (Rm), and enhancement of priming requires the presence of PF only relatively late during a 4-day priming in vitro (at 48 -96 h), suggesting that pharmacological extension of cAMP-mediated signaling can bring about an event critical for T cell commitment to memory. Furthermore, PF and Rm prevent induction of caspase activation and apoptosis in anti-CD3-activated human T cells. Together, our data suggest that PKA-I-mediated signals triggered by prolonging the half-life of cAMP induced during T-cell priming increase survival of activated T cells and enhance memory T cell commitment.To deal effectively with infections in vertebrate hosts, various components of the immune system play important roles. Immunological memory, primarily contributed by T and B lymphocytes, helps significantly toward successful elimination of pathogens during re-exposure. For activation of naive T cells, presentation of peptide-MHC complex by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) along with accessory signals is necessary (Bernard et al., 2002). Differentiation of antigenexposed T cells into effector phenotypes is crucial for dealing with acute stage of infections, but it also induces death pathways in them, leading to loss of the effector population (Ahmed and Gray, 1996). A residual population of antigentriggered T cells survives as T cell memory and is essential in mediating long-lived immune protection against re-infection ( Swain, 1994;Ahmed and Gray, 1996). The specific pathways leading to effector versus memory T cell differentiation are currently not well understood. Some data support a linear model of differentiation in which all responding T cells become effector T cells, with some surviving as memory (Swain, 1994), whereas other lines of evidence support the possibility that alternate signaling pathways may lead to either effector or memory differentiation (McHeyzer-Williams and Davis, 1995). We have been using a system of in vitro immunization of allo-specific human peripheral T cells by...