The Adrenalin Content of the Suprarenal Capsule in the Chick Embryo

Okuda, Mizuho

doi:10.1210/endo-12-3-342

Cited by 13 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…There is evidence from other sources that the systemic response of rabbits to endo ° toxin may involve a release of adrenalin or a related compound (6), or a heightened reactivity to adrenalin (8). The possibility that a similar mechanism may be involved in the lethal response of the chick embryo to endotoxin is suggested by the findings of Brauer (23), who showed that chromaffin cells begin to differentiate at about the 7th day, and become complete at 10 days, and Lutz and Case (24), and Okuda (25), who demonstrated the presence of epinephrine in the adrenal glands of the embryonic chick between the 8th and 10th day. If the susceptibility to endotoxin involves the participation of adrenalin, the 10 day embryo is well equipped in this respect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lethal Effect of Endotoxins on the Chick Embryo

Smith

Thomas

1956

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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The physiological alterations produced in animals by the endotoxins of Gram-negative bacteria include such diverse reactions as fever, leucopenia, hyperglycemia, and a series of vasomotor reactions terminating in a state similar to irreversible traumatic shock (1). The pathological effects of endotoxins suggest that the end result of their action is damage to the blood vessels, as exemplified by the hemorrhagic and necrotizing lesions of the local and generalized Shwartzman phenomena, but the mode of action of endotoxin remains unexplained. Studies of the latter reactions have indicated that they do not represent direct, destructive effects in blood vessels, but seem rather to involve a series of secondary events in which the animals' own mechanisms play a determining role in the production of tissue damage. For example, the hemorrhagic skin lesions of the local Shwartzman reaction develop as the result of occlusion of venules and capillaries by platelet-leucocyte thrombi, followed by dilatation of these vessels and rupture of their walls (2). The characteristic lesions of the generalized Shwaxtzman reaction are fibrinoid necrosis of the coronary arteries and bilateral renal cortical necrosis; these seem to be the result of the deposition of precipitated fibrinogen within the walls and lumen of blood vessels, leading to ischemic necrosis of the tissues which they supply (3)(4)(5).Although the numerous manifestations of endotoxin have been widely investigated, little is known about the pharmacological properties which cause these responses. It has been suggested that the systemic vasomotor effects in rabbits are similar to those of adrenalin (6), and that endotoxins may be toxic because of a direct action on autonomic centers or conduction pathways (7). Recent studies indicate that endotoxins have the property of greatly enhane-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lethal Effect of Endotoxins on the Chick Embryo

Smith

Thomas

1956

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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“…That the endocrine organs are well developed and already in functional condition in the mammalian fetus has been a common observation. In birds, we did not make any test ourselves, but according to Okuda (27) in the chick embryo adrenalin appears by the eighth day of incubation and increases gradually with the progress of development. There is no reason to doubt that other endocrine organs in the bird embryo also begin their functions rather early in embryonic life.…”

Section: Respirationmentioning

confidence: 99%