The age-dependent effect of high-dose X-ray radiation on NFκB signaling, structure, and mechanical behavior of the intervertebral disc

Development of a standardized histopathology scoring system using machine learning algorithms for intervertebral disc degeneration in the mouse model—An ORS spine section initiative

“…Next, we reviewed the published IVD histopathological scoring systems, focusing on ones developed using rodent models or adopted to quantify pathologies in mouse IVDs. We short‐listed three IVD histopathological scoring systems developed using mouse models 24‐26 and adapted by studies using mouse model, 13,20,22,27‐31 and one developed in rat 32 and adopted for scoring mouse IVDs 33,34 . Two scoring systems were developed on human IVD samples 35,36 (Figure 3) but later adapted for scoring mouse IVDs based on histopathological and microscopic features (References 34,37‐42 to name a few; Table 1).…”

“…The workflow for development of "MERCY" (Mouse intErveRtebral disC histopathologY) included development of the new scoring system, testing reliability using multiraters, validation by applying AI and machine learning algorithms and application on established models of IVD degeneration for sensitivity and specificity quantify pathologies in mouse IVDs. We short-listed three IVD histopathological scoring systems developed using mouse models [24][25][26] and adapted by studies using mouse model, 13,20,22,[27][28][29][30][31] and one developed in rat 32 and adopted for scoring mouse IVDs. 33,34 Two scoring systems were developed on human IVD samples 35,36 (Figure 3) but later adapted for scoring mouse IVDs based on histopathological and microscopic features (References 34,37-42 to name a few; Table 1).…”

Ex vivo intervertebral disc cultures: degeneration-induction methods and their implications for clinical translation

“…a catabolic shift with an upregulation of proinflammatory and catabolic markers with a concomitant decrease in anabolic and anti-catabolic markers. In small NC-containing discs, proteoglycan intensity was additionally frequently reduced (Ellman et al, 2012a;Fujita et al, 2012;Liu et al, 2021;Ni et al, 2020;Ohba et al, 2008;Pelle et al, 2014;Takayama et al, 2018;Wako et al, 2007;. In rabbit IVDs, IL-1β additionally triggered apoptosis at low doses and cell death at higher doses (Duan et al, 2007;Ellman et al, 2012b;Kim et al, 2013), whereas there were no changes in the ECM of cow AF explants but cells were metabolically more active (Neidlinger- Wilke et al, 2021).…”

“…www.ecmjournal.org ranging from 14 to 27 G, depending on the disc size and, as such, the species (Abraham et al, 2016;Hibino and Tang, 2017;Korecki et al, 2008a;Liu et al, 2017;Teixeira et al, 2016a;Vaudreuil et al, 2019). For example, needle puncture in mouse discs (27 G) led to a reduction of proteoglycans, cell viability, and stiffness, and an increase of proinflammatory markers (Abraham et al, 2016;Hibino and Tang, 2017;Liu et al, 2017), but in rabbit discs (16 G) no differences in gene expression or proteoglycans were found (Vaudreuil et al, 2019). In cow IVDs (14-25 G), cell viability was only reduced next to the needle track (Korecki et al, 2008a;Teixeira et al, 2016a).…”

“…physical damage such as radial fissures, tears, or rupture of the AF, as well as endplate damage, frequently leading to herniations via the AF or CEP (Adams et al, 2015;Grignon et al, 2000;Lama et al, 2021). Vertebral body sclerosis and osteophyte formation as well as blood vessel and nerve neo-formation and ingrowth into the inner AF and NP are frequently described at later stages of degeneration (Binch et al, 2015;Freemont et al, 1997;Klaassen et al, 2011;Luoma et al, 2000;Wade et al, 2020). Traumatic events can also lead to or accelerate degenerative changes (Alkhatib et al, 2014), or vice versa, degenerated discs or parts thereof might be more prone to injury (Sitte et al, 2016).…”