The American Nation: A History, by Albert Bushnell Hart; The American Nation: Foundations of the Nation: European Background of American History, by Edward Potts Cheyney; The American Nation: Basis of American History, by Livingston Farrand; The American Nation: England in America, by Lyon Gardiner Tyler; The American Nation: Colonial Self-Government, by Charles McLean Andrews

Smith, William Roy; Hart, Albert Bushnell; Cheyney, Edward P.; Farrand, Livingston; Tyler, Lyon G.; Andrews, Charles M.

doi:10.2307/2140668

Cited by 4 publications

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“…They reveal that ethnicity is not "used" the same way among all migrants; the biggest discrepancies were broadly aligned with motivation for migrating, as well as of course differences in personal and generational tastes. This evokes one of the tenets of ethnosymbolism, which underlines the importance of ethnic symbols, myths and memories in the formation of ethnicity, but also how these symbols, while unchanging in themselves, can be applied for different purposes in varying contexts and time periods (Smith, 2000).…”

Section: Source: Fieldwork With Total Sample 2007mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Ethnicity: Fault Lines among “Our People”

Mavra¹

2013

MET

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Lidija MavraIceberg Research, London lidija@icebergresearch.org.uk SUMMARY This paper addresses the extent to which migrants' identity in a new place is contingent on ideas of "ethnicity", using the case study of Serbs in London. It aims firstly to examine what "ethnicity" means, and the different dimensions of identity and circumstance that inform this. It then aims to deconstruct the notion of ethnicity by exploring the different ways in which ethnic markers are used in different spaces, and interactions with "other" ethnic groups in the city. The research methodology consisted of qualitative, semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 66 Serbian migrants, and participant observation with a further 20 households, in London. The sampling strategy was reflexive in order to ensure the inclusion of a wide range of migrant experiences according to different socio-political, economic and spatial backgrounds. The findings reveal a diversity of conceptualisations of what "being Serbian" means, signifying that this is not a concrete or quantifiable measure. However, certain broad patterns did emerge, in the sense that those who expressed the ability to "choose" their ethnicity were more likely to be those with sufficient cultural, economic, social and human capital that enabled them to negotiate this situationally. Another key feature that emerged was that "ethnicity" may be the easy label given to what are in fact class and migrant status-based identities, depending on where people are positioned within the socio-political matrix. This, and particularly workplace based identities and migrant status -rather than ethnic qualities -also affected the perceived boundedness from ethnic "others" within the city.

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Section: Source: Fieldwork With Total Sample 2007mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This evokes the importance of symbols in the formation of ethnicity, as expounded by the concept of ethnosymbolism (Smith, 2000). The following are representative quotes of respondents' understanding of ethnicity in this constructed, symbolic sense:…”

Section: Defining "Serbian"mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnicity: Fault Lines among “Our People”

Mavra¹

2013

MET

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“…This looks at how people defined and perceived themselves through myths and symbols, and how these myths and symbols were employed throughout various periods in relation to politics, ideologies, economic, and social developments. 37 Myth-symbol complexes are both constitutive, helping to structure an ethnic group's social relations and cultural institutions, and subjective, appealing to members' perceptions and beliefs. Distinctive clusters of symbolic components delineate and guard the boundaries of ethnies.…”

Section: Ethnosymbolism Medicine and Religionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnic Identification and Stereotypes in Western Europe, circa 1100–1300

Weeda

2014

History Compass

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The central Middle Ages witnessed a remarkable upsurge in sources containing ethnic stereotypes. Should we interpret the increase in ethnic images as evidence that people identified more strongly with ethnic or national groups from the 12th century onwards? And to which extent was ethnic identity informed by cultural, religious, and medical discourses, as well as forged by political elites as part of a state-formation process? Addressing these questions from a broad range of perspectives and incorporating a wide body of research, this article offers a review of the scholarship on ethnic identity formation and the relevance of ethnic stereotyping in religious-eschatological thought, medical science, and political rhetoric from the 12th century. It challenges the notion that ethnic stereotyping reflected random expressions of hatred, or, conversely, expressions of nationalist patriotism in the later Middle Ages.Who or what crafted ethnic groups and nations, when, why, and how, is one of the most hotly debated topics in political, sociological, and anthropological studies. To date, there have been relatively few attempts to integrate research on ethnic identity in the Middle Ages with theoretical discussions on nationhood.1 Until recently, the predominant approach was to apply the modernist, post-Second World War instrumentalist view -that political elites craft nationsto premodernity. Mediaeval scholars have thus tracked the construction of the nation to, for example, 12th-century state-formation processes and the territorialisation of power. However, fresh research in the field of medical history has recently revealed how Hippocratic medical theory helped establish new beliefs about the nature of ethnic groups from the end of the 11th century. Furthermore, from circa 1000, lists of ethnic characteristics were appearing in monastic circles within a religious-eschatological context. It is therefore necessary to examine utterances about the nature of and identification with ethnic groups from a cultural, religious, social, and political perspective. Research should take a multi-facetted and longue-durée approach, in which political processes and structures are viewed as both forming and feeding off pre-existing cultural, religious -and from the 12th century also medical -customs, beliefs, and knowledge, in a social environment shaped by linguistic and legal distinctions. First, then, I will briefly discuss the role of politics and ideology in ethnic discourse; afterwards, I will turn to mediaeval beliefs about the make-up of ethnic groups, the influence of medical theory in ethnic stereotyping, and ideas about religion and ethnicity. Finally, I will present some ideas about possible new fields of research. Political Structures and Ethnic Group FormationScholars of the mediaeval era have often looked towards the growing bureaucracies and tightening judicial apparatus to partly explain the formation of nations from the 12th century onwards.2 For example, Adrian Hastings stated that ethnic groups, as oral commu...

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“…99 Moreover, sociologists have drawn a distinction between ethnic and civic nations. 100 Similarly, Patrick Geary has argued that the existence of constitutional peoples in antiquity, as defined by law and allegiance, as opposed to biological peoples, based on descent, custom, and geography, underwrote a civilisation/ barbarity dualism. 101 Robert Bartlett has demonstrated that medieval attitudes were characterised by a great deal of diversity, and that thinkers were able to support either multiethnic polities or sin-gle-ethnicity states.…”

Section: Ii: Social Science Ethnicity and The Medievalists' Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnicity and the Writing of Medieval Scottish History

Hammond¹

2006

The Scottish Historical Review

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Cited by 4 publications

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Ethnicity: Fault Lines among “Our People”

Ethnicity: Fault Lines among “Our People”

Ethnic Identification and Stereotypes in Western Europe, circa 1100–1300

Ethnicity and the Writing of Medieval Scottish History

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