The structural gene for ferredoxin I, petF, from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 has been isolated from a recombinant lambda library. Mixtures of tetradecanucleotides and heptadecanucleotides, each containing all possible DNA sequences corresponding to two separate regions of the ferredoxin amino acid sequence, were synthesized and used as hybridization probes to identify a genomic clone containing the coding sequence for the petF gene. The sequence of the entire petF coding region and portions of the 3'-and 5'-flanking regions was determined. The DNA sequence of petF suggests that, in contrast to the nucleus-encoded plant protein, cyanobacterial apoferredoxin is not synthesized as a higher-molecular-weight precursor. The Anabaena petF gene is a single-copy gene. During growth on complete medium it was transcribed into a monocistronic mRNA species of approximately 500 bases that initiated 100 base pairs upstream from the petF coding region.Ferredoxin is an acidic, nonheme, iron-sulfur protein with a wide distribution in organisms ranging from nonphotosynthetic, anaerobic bacteria to higher plants and animals. In plants and cyanobacteria, ferredoxin is recognized primarily as a component of the photosynthetic electron transport chain (31). In addition to its central role in NADP+ reduction and cyclic photophosphorylation, ferredoxin functions, directly or indirectly, in a variety of biological electron transfer systems. These include such diverse processes as nitrogen fixation (38), sulfate-sulfite reduction (32), nitrate-nitrite reduction (17, 25), and glutamate synthesis (17). Furthermore, ferredoxin is responsible, via the ferredoxinthioredoxin system, for the regulation of enzymes involved in photosynthetic carbon metabolism (3).Two distinct molecular forms of ferredoxin have been identified in some plants and cyanobacteria. The primary structure of ferredoxins I and II from a number of organisms has been determined (for a compilation, see references 12 and 21), and the amino acid sequence data suggest that these two ferredoxins arose via gene duplication (21). At present, however, no functional differences have been attributed to this dimorphism. Aside from ferredoxins I and II, some cyanobacteria apparently contain yet another form of this protein. Cohn et al. (6) have isolated a membrane-associated ferredoxin from the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flosaquae that is distinct from ferredoxin I with regard to location within the cell, chromatographic behavior on a DEAE-cellulose column, and electron spin resonance spectra. The limited amino acid sequence data suggest that the membrane-associated ferredoxin is more similar to ferredoxin I than most ferredoxin II molecules are to ferredoxin