The ammonium nitrate particle equivalent of NOx emissions for wintertime conditions in Central California's San Joaquin Valley

Stockwell, William R.; Watson, John G.; Robinson, Norman F.; Steiner, William E.; Sylte, William W.

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00148-5

Cited by 67 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The PM 2.5 fraction is dominated by ammonium nitrate and carbonaceous aerosol during fall and winter. Sulfur dioxide emissions in the SJV are low (CARB, 2012), but oxides of nitrogen and ammonia emissions are high (Mansell and Roe, 2002), so lower temperatures and higher relative humidities during late fall and winter favor ammonium nitrate formation (Stockwell et al, 2000;Chow et al, 2005b;Lurmann et al, 2006;Chow et al, 2008). PM 2.5 carbonaceous aerosol in the SJV derives from engine exhaust, biomass burning, cooking, and conversion of organic gases to particles (Chow et al, 1992;Strader et al, 1999;Schauer and Cass, 2000;Chow et al, 2007b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Ambient PM10 Bioaerosols in a California Agricultural Town

Chow

Yang

Wang

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ambient bioaerosols in PM 10 samples were measured at three sites in Corcoran, an agricultural town in the southern San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California, during fall of 2000 corresponding to the cotton harvest season. Elevated bioaerosol concentrations were measured near grain elevators (GRA site) and a cotton handling facility (BAI site) as compared to levels in a residential community (COP site), ~2 km northeast of these sources. Average endotoxin levels (13 ± 17 EU/m 3 ) at the grain elevator site were three to eight times higher than averages at the nearby cotton-handling and residential sites. The highest level (47.6 EU/m 3 ) at the grain elevator site was about half of the exposure limit of 90 EU/m 3 set by the Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety. Particle counts of fungal spore (66,333 particles/m 3 ) and pollen grain (2,600 particles/m 3 ) concentrations were more than double those reported in the literature. Average fungal biomarker concentrations of 170 and 131 ng/m 3 for arabitol and mannitol, respectively, were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those from nonagricultural areas. The low correlation (r < 0.11) of three fungal markers (i.e., (1→3)-β-D-glucan, arabitol, and mannitol) with fungi counts is consistent with findings by others and indicates that these are insufficient as surrogates to represent fungal exposure. Agricultural activities contributed measureable amounts to PM 10 mass and organic carbon (OC), dominated by fungal spores (i.e., 5.4-5.8% PM 10 mass and 11.5-14.7% OC). The sum of fungal spores, pollen grains, and plant detritus accounted for an average of 11-15% PM 10 and 24-33% OC mass. Bioaerosols can be important contributors to PM 10 mass in farming communities similar to Corcoran, especially during intense agricultural activities.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Ambient PM10 Bioaerosols in a California Agricultural Town

Chow

Yang

Wang

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…When atmospheric nitric acid is available, it has a tendency to react with basic species such as NH 3 to form NH 4 NO 3 . This reaction is believed to be the main source of fine particulate nitrate in urban air (Stockwell et al, 2000). A second path for particulate nitrate formation involves nitric acid attack on the sodium chloride (NaCl) in sea salt particles to generate sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ) aerosol and to release hydrochloric acid to the atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical characteristics of inorganic ammonium salts in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the atmosphere of Beijing (China)

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. The atmospheric concentrations of gaseous HNO 3 , HCl and NH 3 and their relative salts have been measured during two field campaigns in the winter and in the summer of 2007 at Beijing (China), as part of CARE-BEIJING (Campaigns of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Region). In this study, annular denuder technique used with integration times of 2 and 24h to collect inorganic and soluble PM 2.5 without interferences from gas-particle and particle-particle interactions. The results were discussed from the standpoint of temporal and diurnal variations and meteorological effects. Fine particulate Cl − , NH 4 were higher during summer (12.30 µg m −3 and 18.24 µg m −3 , respectively) than during winter (6.51 µg m −3 and 7.50 µg m −3 , respectively). Daily mean concentrations of fine particulate Cl − were higher during winter (2.94 µg m −3 ) than during summer (0.79 µg m −3 ), while fine particulate NO − 3 showed similar both in winter (8.38 µg m −3 ) and in summer (9.62 µg m −3 ) periods. The presence of large amounts of fine particulate NO − 3 even in summer are due to higher local and regional concentrations of NH 3 in the atmosphere available to neutralize H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 , which is consistent with the observation that the measured particulate species were neutralized. The composition of fine particulate matter indicated the domination of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 during winter and summer periods. In addition, the high relative humidity conditions in summer periodCorrespondence to: A. Ianniello (ianniello@iia.cnr.it) seemed to dissolve a significant fraction of HNO 3 and NH 3 enhancing fine particulate NO − 3 and NH + 4 in the atmosphere. All measured particulate species showed diurnal similar patterns during the winter and summer periods with higher peaks in the early morning, especially in summer, when humid and stable atmospheric conditions occurred. These diurnal variations were affected by wind direction suggesting regional and local source influences. The fine particulate species were correlated with NO x and PM 2.5 , supporting the hypothesis that traffic may be also an important source of secondary particles.

show abstract

“…The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) in central California routinely experiences some of the highest airborne particulate matter concentrations found in the United States (Lehrman et al 1995;Chow et al 1996;Magliano et al 1999;Stockwell et al 2000;828 J. D. HERNER ET AL. Watson et al 2000;Watson et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dominant Mechanisms that Shape the Airborne Particle Size and Composition Distribution in Central California

Herner

Ying

et al. 2006

Aerosol Science and Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The size and composition of ambient airborne particulate matter is reported for winter conditions at five locations in (or near) the San Joaquin Valley in central California. Two distinct types of airborne particles were identified based on diurnal patterns and size distribution similarity: hygroscopic sulfate/ammonium/nitrate particles and less hygroscopic particles composed of mostly organic carbon with smaller amounts of elemental carbon. Daytime PM 10 concentrations for sulfate/ammonium/nitrate particles were measured to be 10.1 µg m −3 , 28.3 µg m −3 , and 52.8 µg m −3 at Sacramento, Modesto and Bakersfield, California, respectively. Nighttime concentrations were 10-30% lower, suggesting that these particles are dominated by secondary production. Simulation of the data with a box model suggests that these particles were formed by the condensation of ammonia and nitric acid onto background or primary sulfate particles. These hygroscopic particles had a mass distribution peak in the accumulation mode (0.56-1.0 µm) at all times. Daytime PM 10 carbon particle concentrations were measured to be 9.5 µg m −3 , 15.1 µg m −3 , and 16.2 µg m −3 at Sacramento, Modesto, and Bakersfield, respectively. Corresponding nighttime concentrations were 200-300% higher, suggesting that these particles are dominated by primary emissions. The peak in the carbon particle mass distribution varied between 0.2-1.0 µm. Carbon particles emitted directly from combustion sources typically have a mass distribution peak diameter between 0.1-0.32 µm. Box model calculations suggest that the formation of secondary organic aerosol is negligible under cool winter conditions, and that the observed shift in the carbon particle mass distribution results from coagulation in the heavily polluted concentrations experienced during the current study. The analysis suggests that carbon particles and sulfate/ammonium/nitrate particles exist separately in the atmosphere

show abstract

The ammonium nitrate particle equivalent of NOx emissions for wintertime conditions in Central California's San Joaquin Valley

Cited by 67 publications

References 13 publications

Characterization of Ambient PM10 Bioaerosols in a California Agricultural Town

Characterization of Ambient PM10 Bioaerosols in a California Agricultural Town

Chemical characteristics of inorganic ammonium salts in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the atmosphere of Beijing (China)

Dominant Mechanisms that Shape the Airborne Particle Size and Composition Distribution in Central California

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The ammonium nitrate particle equivalent of NOx emissions for wintertime conditions in Central California's San Joaquin Valley

Cited by 67 publications

References 13 publications

Characterization of Ambient PM10 Bioaerosols in a California Agricultural Town

Characterization of Ambient PM10 Bioaerosols in a California Agricultural Town

Chemical characteristics of inorganic ammonium salts in PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; in the atmosphere of Beijing (China)

Dominant Mechanisms that Shape the Airborne Particle Size and Composition Distribution in Central California

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Chemical characteristics of inorganic ammonium salts in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the atmosphere of Beijing (China)