The &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;q&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;-Exponential Social Discounting Functions of Gain and Loss

Takahashi, Takehiro

doi:10.4236/am.2013.43066

Cited by 15 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Whereas previous research suggested the usefulness of the q -exponential model ( Takahashi, 2013 ), the present research indicated the usefulness of the hyperbolic with exponent model cross-culturally. This result advances our understanding of a generalized mathematical model accounting for social discounting behaviors.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 93%

“…To verify the validity of the current finding, the usefulness of the hyperbolic with exponent model should be examined further in the future. That said, we should hasten to add that consistent with the findings by Takahashi (2013) , the hyperbolic with exponent model and the q -exponential model in this research suggest interpersonal inconsistency in social discounting regardless of cultures and frames, which is an important feature for understanding the nature of an individual’s social choice.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…This means that the decrease in the subjective value of another person’s reward (or payment) is more inconsistent as 1– q becomes larger (i.e., q becomes smaller). Takahashi (2013) examined social discounting in gain and loss and found that social loss is discounted less than social gain as the social distance increases. When he compared exponential, hyperbolic, and q -exponential models, he found that whereas the hyperbolic model fitted best to social gain, the q -exponential model fitted best to social loss.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, although previous research has suggested the utility of the hyperbolic discounting model across cultures, no study has shown the utility by comparing the hyperbolic discounting model with related models, such as the hyperbolic with exponent model and the q -exponential model. Although Takahashi (2013) compared the exponential, hyperbolic, and q -exponential models based on social discounting behaviors collected from Japanese, it is unclear whether the findings could apply to social discounting behaviors in another culture. Further, it is unclear whether the utility of the q -exponential model could be confirmed by comparison to the hyperbolic with exponent model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultural Similarities and Differences in Social Discounting: The Mediating Role of Harmony-Seeking

Ishii

Eisen

2018

Front. Psychol.

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One’s generosity to others declines as a function of social distance, which is known as social discounting. We examined cultural similarities and differences in social discounting and the mediating roles of the two aspects of interdependence (self-expression and distinctiveness of the self) as well as the two aspects of independence (harmony-seeking and rejection avoidance). Using the same procedure that previous researchers used to test North Americans, Study 1 showed that compared to North Americans, Japanese discount more steeply a partner’s outcomes compared to their own future outcomes, whereas the decrease in the subjective value of the partner’s outcomes accelerates less as a function of social distance. To examine the cultural similarities and differences in social discounting in more detail, Study 2 tested Japanese and Germans and found that the hyperbolic with exponent model fitted the participants’ discounting behaviors better than the other models, except for the loss condition in Germans where the utility of the q-exponential model was indicated. Moreover, although the social discounting rate was higher in Japanese than in Germans, the cultural difference was limited to the gain frame. However, the decline in a person’s generosity accelerated less as a function of social distance in Japanese than in Germans. Furthermore, the cultural difference in the social discounting in gains was mediated by the level of harmony-seeking, which was higher in Germans than in Japanese. Implications for individuals’ generosity against the backdrop of cultural characteristics are discussed.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultural Similarities and Differences in Social Discounting: The Mediating Role of Harmony-Seeking

Ishii

Eisen

2018

Front. Psychol.

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“…Building on his 2010 paper, Takahashi [23] tentatively asserts that q-exponential interpersonal discounting functions are the most appropriate to interpersonal discounting.…”

Section: Overview Of Interpersonal Discounting Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Termism, Excessive Executive Compensation, and the Discounting Traits of Managers - by Using fMRI Experiment

Yamaji¹,

Gotoh²,

Yamakawa³

2020

ujaf

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It can be said that short-termism and excessive executive compensation are drawing critical and negative attention in recent years, judging from famous politician's lecture and the passage of law forcing to publicly disclose the ratio of the compensation of the chief executive officer (CEO) to the median compensation of that company's employees. We assume that these management problems are sharpened by human instinctive discounting behavior. By brain experiment of discounting behavior (neuro-science method), we scientifically reveal that stimuli like globalization mobilize new brain parts (precuneus, IPL, TPJ), sharpen human discounting behavior and in turn sharpen the management problems. The research results show that human beings predict other people's discounting behavior more sharply than their own by additionally activating new parts of brain. This in turn will sharpen their discount behavior. This chain of discounting behavior and activation of new brain parts becomes prominent in the globalization of economies involving more strangers. In order to stop the sharpening of management problems, improvement policies counter to human instincts become necessary. Our research results are closely related to resolve some of the problems by using accounting institutions. For example, since the institutionalization of the quarterly report promotes the short-termism, its rectification is necessary. Also, in order to correct the distortion of corporate compensation structure, the SEC oversees the disclosure of remuneration for middle-ranking worker and is seeking full-fledged institutionalization. Implementation of these accounting policies are strongly supported by our research results.

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Social discounting in a symmetric giving and taking frame: An artifactual field experiment with young South African adults

Booysen,

Guvuriro,

van Eyssen Combrink

2024

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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In the dictator game, the evidence that giving is equivalent to taking is mixed. The purpose of this study was to investigate framing effects (giving/taking) on social‐discounting rates among young African adults from an informal settlement in South Africa. Employing a within‐participant design, these young adults completed a series of incentivized dictator games with an isomorphically equivalent giving and taking frame at each of eight social distances. Altruism was measured by the social‐discounting rate, and framing effects were assessed using generalized linear regression. The study provides empirical evidence that prosocial behavior among young South African adults is subject to framing because exponential, hyperbolic, and q‐exponential social‐discounting rates in all instances were lower in the taking than in the giving frame. This difference may be the result of greater “egalitarianism” and “selflessness” elicited by the taking frame, which likely is a product of the experiment's particular social and economic field context. More comparative research is required to establish the working of specific mechanics of morality that may operate differently in diverse socioeconomic contexts, thus contributing to elucidating the heterogeneous nature of findings in this area of study.

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The <i>q</i>-Exponential Social Discounting Functions of Gain and Loss

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Cultural Similarities and Differences in Social Discounting: The Mediating Role of Harmony-Seeking

Cultural Similarities and Differences in Social Discounting: The Mediating Role of Harmony-Seeking

Short-Termism, Excessive Executive Compensation, and the Discounting Traits of Managers - by Using fMRI Experiment

Social discounting in a symmetric giving and taking frame: An artifactual field experiment with young South African adults

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