The anaesthetic-like effect of tea tree oil in common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Abstract

This study investigated the efficacy of tea tree oil (TTO) as an anaesthetic for common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., by estimation of behaviour changes and responsiveness to being taken out of the water. All applied concentrations (from 0.2 to 0.6 mL L−1) resulted in sedation and immobilization. The lowest effective concentration (induction time ≤3 min, recovery time ≤10 min after 15 min of exposure) was 0.5 mL L−1. Exposure in excess of 30 min at a concentration of 0.5 mL L−1 caused mortality. TTO displayed distinct general anaesthetic‐like properties, fulfilling the basic requirements for a potent fish anaesthetic.

Essential oils from Citrus x aurantium and Citrus x latifolia (Rutaceae) have anesthetic activity and are effective in reducing ion loss in silver catfish ( Rhamdia quelen )

“…However, when exposed to 400-600 or 800 μL L −1 EOCA or 300-400 or 500 μL L −1 EOCL, the increasing concentration proportionally decreased the time required for sedation and anesthesia induction. The inverse relationship between the concentration of EO and induction time verified in this study had previously been observed: in R. quelen anesthetized with the EOs of L. alba (Cunha et al, 2010) and A. triphylla ; in Centropomus parallelus Poey, 1860 with the EO of Nectandra megapotamica (Tondolo et al, 2013); and in C. carpio with the EOs of Melaleuca alternifolia and Mentha spicata (Hajek, 2011;Roohi, Imanpoor, 2015).…”

Basil, tea tree and clove essential oils as analgesics and anaesthetics in Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830)

“…Thus, the lower concentrations of each EO that resulted in satisfactory times of anaesthesia induction and recovery and indicated by Pawar et al (2011) for the anaesthesia of seahorses Hippocampus kuda (total length 15.5 cm and weight 11 g). The concentration of 500 µL L -1 of tea tree, recommended here, confers with the dose indicated by Hajek (2011) for anaesthesia of the common carp Cyprinus carpio, weighing 22 g, the only reference found in literature regarding the use of tea tree oil in fish anaesthesia. The use of the same concentrations of each oil to different sizes and species of fish suggests an absence of a relationship between these characteristics with the ideal concentration of the drug, demonstrating that it is important to carry out species-specific studies on the effect of the anaesthetic potential.…”

“…A commercial product based on the EO of tea tree is commonly used as a cicatrizant medicine in ornamental fish. Nevertheless, studies about its anaesthetic efficacy in fish are scarce (Hajek, 2011).…”

“…Some essential oils (EO) derived from plants have been shown to be a viable alternative to reduce stress during fish capture and handling (Silva et al, 2013). Different oils have been used to anaesthetize fish, such as Eugenia caryophyllata (Weber et al, 2009;Pawar et al, 2011), Cinnamomum camphora, Mentha arvensis (Pedrazzani and Ostrensky, 2014), Melaleuca alternifolia (Hajek, 2011), Ocimum gratissimum (Benovit et al, 2012), Hesperozygis ringens and Ocotea acutifolia (Silva et al, 2013).…”

Effects of <i>Alpinia galanga</i> oil on anesthesia and stress reduction in <i>Oreochromis niloticus </i>

“…Moreover, eugenol, the main active compound of clove oil, has been reported that it might damage hepatic tissue in mice (17). It has been reported that the essential oils from Oleum malaleucae (18), Ocimum gratissimum (19), and Lippia alba (20) have anesthetic activity in fish. The desirable properties of anesthetic agents in fish should be highly effective and safe.…”