The anchorage mechanics of deep rooted larch,<i>Larix europea</i>×<i>L. japonica</i>

Crook, M. J.; Ennos, A. Roland

doi:10.1093/jxb/47.10.1509

Cited by 110 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…We suspect that the taproot of S. matsudana plays a greater role in lateral uprooting than in vertical uprooting. This observation is consistent with previous studies showing a major mechanical role of taproots in providing resistance to lateral uprooting by external forces (Ennos 1993(Ennos , 2000Crook and Ennos 1996). Moreover, several studies suggest that a long, thin taproot with fine lateral roots was the best root system for young trees to resist lateral loading (Khuder et al 2007, Burylo et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Unlike other primary root functions (e.g., storage and water-nutrient uptake), relatively little attention had been given to the mechanical role of roots in plant anchorage until the 1990s (Crook and Ennos 1996). Few studies on vegetation that reinforce soil have been carried out, such as root pull-out tests (Tosi 2007), laboratory shear tests on soils with plant roots (Waldron 1977) or soils reinforced by fiber-simulated roots (Wu et al 1988, Shewbridge andSitar 1996), and in-situ shear tests on soils with roots (Endo 1980, Wu and Watson 1998, Zhou et al 1998, Bibalani 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vertical and lateral uprooting resistance of Salix matsudana Koidz in a riparian area

Liu

Jia

et al. 2013

The Forestry Chronicle

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Root morphological characteristics of Salix matsudana Koidz were studied using a complete excavation method. In-situ vertical and lateral uprooting tests were carried out on plants in a riparian zone to evaluate the soil-reinforcing ability of plant roots and flow resistance. Results show that the maximum uprooting force was positively correlated with stem basal diameter in both vertical and lateral uprooting tests. Resistance to uprooting was also significantly positively correlated with plant height, total number of roots, cross-sectional areas (CSA) of all roots at base and root mass. Unlike vertical uprooting, taproots made a larger contribution to lateral uprooting, which was positively correlated with the uprooting resistance.Keywords: root anchorage, uprooting resistance, Salix matsudana, riparian zone RÉSUMÉLes caractéristiques morphologiques des racines du Salix matsudana Koidz ont été étudiées en procédant à l' excavation complète des arbres. Des tests in situ de déracinement vertical et latéral ont été réalisés sur des arbres situés en zone riparienne afin d' évaluer la capacité des racines des plantes à renforcer le sol et la résistance à l' écoulement. Les résultats démontrent que la force maximale de déracinement était positivement corrélée au diamètre de la souche de l'arbre tant pour les tests de déracinement vertical que latéral. La résistance au déracinement était également corrélée de façon positive et significative à la hauteur de l'arbre, au nombre total de racines, à la section transversale (CSA) de toutes les racines sous la souche et à la masse racinaire. Contrairement au déracinement vertical, les racines pivotantes ont contribué de façon plus importante au déracinement latéral, lequel était corrélé positivement à la résistance au déracinement.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical and lateral uprooting resistance of Salix matsudana Koidz in a riparian area

Liu

Jia

et al. 2013

The Forestry Chronicle

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“…Despite all the diffi culties of measuring roots covered by layers of soil, a step forward was made with introduction of more effi cient methods for exploring the distribution and function of roots in the soil in connection to a tree's anchorage (Coutts (1983(Coutts ( , 1986, Mattheck et al (1995), Crook and Ennos (1996), Crook and Ennos (1997), , Nicoll and Armstrong (1998), and Goodman and Ennos (1999)). Acknowledging that anchorage is one of the two main functions of the root system (Coutts 1987), it was suggested (see Ennos 2000) that a more advanced knowledge of the root morphology and architecture of as many species as possible might provide further insight into the way in which the form is related to the function in root systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anchorage and asymmetry in the root system of Pinus peuce

Mickovski¹,

Ennos²

2003

Silva Fenn.

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The relationship between the anchorage mechanics and root architecture of Pinus peuce was investigated by carrying out winching tests and examining excavated root systems of 20 mature trees. The root system was dominated by 6.1 ± 1.3 lateral roots, more than 70% of the lateral root cross sectional area (CSA) being distributed in the uppermost 10 cm of soil. Anchorage strength was related to the size of the tree and CSA. The overturning moment of trees was proportional to the diameter at breast height (DBH) to the power of 1.6. The trees exhibited signifi cant asymmetry in anchorage rigidity, but although there was clustering of lateral roots in a preferred direction the root asymmetry was not signifi cantly correlated with the asymmetry in anchorage rigidity, suggesting that much of the anchorage is provided by tap and sinker roots, rather than the laterals. However, the major laterals showed dorsoventral eccentricity, the more eccentric ones being those that were distributed closer to the soil surface and which pointed perpendicular to the direction of greatest resistance. This suggests that this is a result of thigmomorphogenetic effects. These results are compared with those for the related P. sylvestris and suggest that the assimilation and anchorage characteristics of root systems are controlled independently of each other.

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“…The types of root system architecture of 10-year-old Australian pine and sea hibiscus plants were classified into taproot system and heart root system, respectively. The effects of wind loading on tree root system development have been well documented (Crook and Ennos, 1996;Nicol and Ray, 1996). Dupuy et al (2005) indicated that overturning resistance was greatest in tap-and heart-root systems whatever the soil type.…”

Section: Root System Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Uprooting resistance of two tropical tree species for sand dune stabilization

Lee¹,

Tsai²,

Lee³

2017

Afr. J. Agric. Res.

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Coastal windbreak restoration is important in Taiwan for agroforestry and sand dune stabilization. Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.) is the main species in windbreaks. It often suffers from serious uprooting and waterlogging damages, whereas sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) is more resistant to wind and tolerant to waterlogging. It is suggested that sea hibiscus can be substituted for Australian pine in coastal windbreak restoration. However, the adaptive mechanism of its root system to wind is not well understood. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the anchorage capabilities and root morphology of 10-year-old Australian pine and sea hibiscus plants. The results showed that root system morphologies of Australian pine and sea hibiscus plants belonged to taproot system and heart system, respectively. Root systems of both species were distributed towards northeast and southwest, which coincided with the monsoon directions. Sea hibiscus plants had significantly larger root collar diameter, longer taproot length, larger root biomass and shoot biomass than that of Australian pine plants. Additionally, sea hibiscus plants had significantly larger root volume than Australian pine plants. Moreover, sea hibiscus developed significantly stronger root functional traits, that is, root density (245%), root tissue density (300%) and the root to shoot ratio (138%) than Australian pine plants. Consistently, the root maximum uprooting resistance of sea hibiscus plants was significantly higher than that of Australian pine plants. These results demonstrate that sea hibiscus plants have stronger anchorage capability and they are more suitable for windbreak restoration and sand dune stabilization.

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The anchorage mechanics of deep rooted larch,Larix europea×L. japonica

Cited by 110 publications

References 23 publications

Vertical and lateral uprooting resistance of Salix matsudana Koidz in a riparian area

Vertical and lateral uprooting resistance of Salix matsudana Koidz in a riparian area

Anchorage and asymmetry in the root system of Pinus peuce

Uprooting resistance of two tropical tree species for sand dune stabilization

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