The annual surface energy budget of a high-arctic permafrost site on Svalbard, Norway

Westermann, Sebastian; Lüers, Johannes; Langer, Moritz; Piel, Konstanze; Boike, Julia

doi:10.5194/tc-3-245-2009

Cited by 133 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…During the entire observation period, the ground heat flux is a large component of the surface energy balance. About 20% of the net radiation is stored as latent and sensible heat in the ground, which is in the upper range of the typical values reported for other arctic permafrost regions (Boike et al, 1998;Lynch et al, 1999;Eugster et al, 2000;Westermann et al, 2009). The high contribution of ground heat flux to surface energy balance is caused by the cold permafrost temperatures, the shallow active-layer depth and the large annual surface temperature amplitude, which is related to the continental climate conditions.…”

Section: Controlling Factors Of the Surface Energy Balancementioning

confidence: 58%

“…The method looks at soil temperature and moisture measurements and calculates the average ground heat flux from changes in the sensible and latent heat content of a soil column. The method has been successfully applied in several permafrost regions and is described, e.g., by Boike et al (1998) and Westermann et al (2009). We use a measurement setup consisting of an active layer temperature and moisture profile to a depth of 0.5 m, which features 5 thermistors (107-L, Campbell Scientific, USA) and 5 Time-Domain-Reflectometry (TDR) soil moisture probes (CS610-L, Campbell Scientific, USA).…”

Section: Calorimetric Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conductive method is primarily used to evaluate the diurnal course of the ground heat flux though the uppermost surface of the ground (Westermann et al, 2009). The ground surface is defined to be either the soil or the snow surface, as appropriate.…”

Section: Conductive Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most comprehensive summary for a number of sites in the Arctic and Subarctic (except Siberia) is given by Eugster et al (2000). In addition, studies on the surface energy balance have been published for Alaska (Ohmura, 1982;Harazono et al, 1998;Mendez et al, 1998;Lynch et al, 1999;Vourlitis and Oechel, 1999;Chapin et al, 2000), Greenland (Soegaard et al, 2001), Svalbard (Harding and Lloyd, 1998;Westermann et al, 2009) and Siberia (Boike et al, 1998;Kodama et al, 2007). Since most of these studies only provide flux values for the summer season (JulyAugust), a meaningful comparison is only possible for this time.…”

Section: Comparison To Other Arctic Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the European Arctic, including Svalbard, energy-balance studies are published by Lloyd et al (2001) and Westermann et al (2009). However, Siberian sites are not included and generally few published studies are available for the Siberian tundra (Kodama et al, 2007;Boike et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The surface energy balance of a polygonal tundra site in northern Siberia – Part 1: Spring to fall

et al. 2011

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Abstract. In this article, we present a study on the surface energy balance of a polygonal tundra landscape in northeast Siberia. The study was performed during half-year periods from April to September in each of 2007 and 2008. The surface energy balance is obtained from independent measurements of the net radiation, the turbulent heat fluxes, and the ground heat flux at several sites. Short-wave radiation is the dominant factor controlling the magnitude of all the other components of the surface energy balance during the entire observation period. About 50% of the available net radiation is consumed by the latent heat flux, while the sensible and the ground heat flux are each around 20 to 30%. The ground heat flux is mainly consumed by active layer thawing. About 60% of the energy storage in the ground is attributed to the phase change of soil water. The remainder is used for soil warming down to a depth of 15 m. In particular, the controlling factors for the surface energy partitioning are snow cover, cloud cover, and the temperature gradient in the soil. The thin snow cover melts within a few days, during which the equivalent of about 20% of the snow-water evaporates or sublimates. Surface temperature differences of the heterogeneous landscape indicate spatial variabilities of sensible and latent heat fluxes, which are verified by measurements. However, spatial differences in the partitioning between sensible and latent heat flux are only measured during conditions of high radiative forcing, which only occur occasionally.

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Section: Controlling Factors Of the Surface Energy Balancementioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Calorimetric Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conductive Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison To Other Arctic Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The surface energy balance of a polygonal tundra site in northern Siberia – Part 1: Spring to fall

et al. 2011

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Change in surface energy balance in Alaska due to fire and spring warming, based on upscaling eddy covariance measurements

et al. 2014

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Warming in northern high latitudes has changed the energy balance between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. This study evaluated changes in regional surface energy exchange in Alaska from 2000 to 2011 when substantial declines in spring snow cover due to spring warming and large-scale fire events were observed. Energy fluxes from a network of 20 eddy covariance sites were upscaled using a support vector regression (SVR) model, by combining satellite remote sensing data and global climate data. Based on site-scale analysis, SVR reproduced observed net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and ground heat flux; 8 day root-mean-square errors for these variables were 15, 10, 9, and 3 W m À2 , respectively. Based on upscaled fluxes, decreases in spring snow cover induced an increase in surface net radiation, a net heating effect, of 0.56 W m À2 decade À1. This heating effect was comparable to the net cooling effect due to increased fire extent during the study period (up to 0.59 W m À2 decade À1). These land cover effects were larger than the change in the energy forcing associated with CO 2 balance for the Alaska region. Spring warming and postfire land cover change increased the regional latent heat flux. The regional sensible heat flux decreased with the postfire land cover change. Our results highlight the importance of positive spring snow albedo feedback to climate and a postfire negative feedback under the expected warming climate in the Arctic.

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Surface heat transfer changes over Arctic land and sea connected to Arctic warming

Kong

Han

Zhou

et al. 2022

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Turbulent heat transfer from surface to atmosphere is important in the atmospheric energy balance over the Arctic, thereby impacting the remarkable warming that occurs in this region. The impact of heat transfer over the Arctic land and sea (approximate Arctic Ocean) on Arctic warming could be distinct, owing to different heat sources and physical processes on the interfaces. This study sought to analyse the heat transfer and changes over the Arctic land and sea and their contributions to those over the entire Arctic, and discuss the connection between the heat transfer changes and Arctic warming based on ERA5 reanalysis. The Arctic surface releases heat to the atmosphere, with an annual average of 4.5 × 10 14 W, which is mainly contributed by the Arctic land in summer and sea in winter. From 1979 to 2018, the amount of heat release was found to markedly increase, with an annual trend of 0.94 ± 0.31 W/(m 2 decade). A faster increase occurred in summer and was contributed by both the Arctic land and sea. In contrast, a slower increase occurred in winter and was only contributed by the sea. The heat transfer changed heterogeneously over the Arctic land and sea, with three major changes: Northern Russia Increase over northern Russia in summer, Northern Barents Increase over the northern Barents Sea in winter, and Nordic Sea Decrease over the Nordic Sea and northern Greenland Sea in winter. Notably, the heat transfer change over the Arctic land and sea could be connected to Arctic warming, especially the three major changes, based on distinct feedback processes, which could impact future Arctic warming. Overall, the Arctic land and sea play distinct roles in the heat transfer change and connection to Arctic warming, with the land being more important in summer and the sea being more important in winter.

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The annual surface energy budget of a high-arctic permafrost site on Svalbard, Norway

Cited by 133 publications

References 68 publications

The surface energy balance of a polygonal tundra site in northern Siberia – Part 1: Spring to fall

The surface energy balance of a polygonal tundra site in northern Siberia – Part 1: Spring to fall

Change in surface energy balance in Alaska due to fire and spring warming, based on upscaling eddy covariance measurements

Surface heat transfer changes over Arctic land and sea connected to Arctic warming

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