The ANSI/X3/SPARC DBMS framework report of the study group on database management systems

Designing information systems requirements in context: insights from the theory of deferred action

“…This notion is the basis for ANSI-SPARC schemas for database design (Tsichritzis and Klug, 1975) and data (Tsichritzis and Lochosky, 1982). They address only structure and knowable functional requirements as design based on a given specification, usually derived through initial systems analysis of the problem that is the derived specification as depicted in Figure 1.…”

Towards a Reference Framework for Software Product Management

“…We mention the ISO/OSI layers for the layering of network services [13] or the ANSI/SPARC 3-schema architecture for database management systems [22]. The need for a reference framework for software product management is found in the desire to get an understanding of its complete domain.…”

Thoughts on the complex relation between linked data, semantic annotations, and ontologies

“…While the term data model/schema is overloaded, we will follow the established tradition [9] to differentiate data models into conceptual models concerned with types of entities and their relationships on an abstract level, the more concrete logical models that introduce attributes, cardinalities, and so forth, without enforcing a particular implementation, and physical models which are implementation specific, e.g., by assigning primitive data types to attributes. Intuitively, ontologies are an additional layer on top of conceptual models.…”