The antibiofilm activity of selected substances used in oral health prophylaxis

Abstract

Oral health is a window to a patient’s general well-being. Balance in oral microbiome functions is crucial for health maintenance. A state of oral dysbiosis may lead to a variety of local and systemic pathological conditions. The presence of dental plaque is related to the majority of oral infections. Proper oral hygiene is crucial and the most economic practice contributing to oral health prophylaxis. Aside from prophylactic treatments provided by dental practitioners, mouth rinses, containing antimicrobial agents, are one of the possible tools used for oral care. Our study was to determine whether available mouth rinses and selected products dedicated for professional use are efficient to eradicate biofilm formed by reference and clinical strains of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Candida albicans on the surface of hydroxyapatite – major mineral component of a tooth. Therefore, such antimicrobials as chlorhexidine, cetylpyridine chloride, polyhexanide, silver nanoparticles, sulphonated phenolics, and natural antiplaque essential oils and coconut oil were analyzed. Applied experimental settings in in vitro models were designed to reflect accurately the recommended use of the tested substances, therefore four types of eradication procedure were conducted. Sialorrhea simulation was also performed to evaluate antibiofilm potential of diluted mouth rinses. Biofilm was investigated with quantitative method where absorbance values were measured. Statistical differences were assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with a post-hoc Dunnett’s analysis. Results have shown that biofilms displayed a diversified sensitivity to the tested antimicrobials. The highest antibiofilm activity was detected for cetylpyridine chloride while the lowest for chlorhexidine. However the differences in E. faecalis biofilm reduction observed after the use of these two compounds were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), whereas all observed differences in S. aureus survival after exposure to the examined antimicrobial agents were statistically significant (p < 0.5). The PHMB, both in standard and in sialorrhea simulated conditions had the highest potential against streptococci. The coconut oil reduced C. albicans fungus biofilm by 65.48% but low eradication level was observed in case of bacterial biofilms. The dehydrating mechanism of action of sulfonated phenolics turned out to be ineffective against streptococcal biofilm which in turn was effectively eradicated by silver nanoparticles. The implementation of Antibiofilm Dressing's Activity Measurement method allowed to observe strain-related differences in terms of antimicrobial sensitivity. The obtained results may be introduced in everyday out-patient dental plaque prophylaxis as well as clinical environment.

Natural Antimicrobials Promote the Anti-Oxidative Inhibition of COX-2 Mediated Inflammatory Response in Primary Oral Cells Infected with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis

“…is another genus often isolated and present in the canine oral cavity and recognized for its role in developing dental plaque and periodontal disease [17]. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), specifically, forms biofilms in oral cavities, contributes to oral diseases and can efficiently be reduced by natural antimicrobials [18]. The bacteriostatic effect of natural antimicrobials against E. faecalis on dental plaque was directly confirmed with many flavonoids (luteolin, morin, naringin, quercetin and rutin) [19].…”

In Vitro Assessment of Antifungal and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Commercial Mouthwashes against Candida albicans

“…This result is slightly higher, ranging from a few to a dozen percent, than the reduction observed in our study. In another paper, the average reductions in C. albicans biofilm were reported to be as much as 60.9% [31] and 70.6% [32]. Such a significant difference may be attributed to variations in research methodology; for example, hydroxyapatite disks were used for biofilm extraction and the quantification of viable cells.…”

“…In our studies, biofilm reduction with other mouthwashes ranged from 26.4% to 38.6%. Dudek-Wicher et al demonstrated the most potent eradication against C. albicans biofilm with PHMB at 83.6% and CPC at 84.2% [32]. The eradication of C. albicans biofilm from fibroblast-covered cellulose carriers by PHMB was reported to be between 70% and 80%.…”

Effect of antibacterial mouthwash on NO bioavailability and muscle contractile function in young healthy men and women

“…In part, this is because they exist in biofilms on the surfaces of teeth, which are poorly penetrated by cationic agents such as cetylpyridinium (Wade 2000). Nonetheless, cetylpyridinium-containing mouthwashes have been shown to suppress salivary bacterial counts by 40-60% for up to 5 h (Jenkins et al 1994) and are highly effective at suppressing growth of and/or eradicating bacteria from biofilms ex vivo (Roberts et al 1981;Jenkins et al 1994;Otten et al 2011;Dudek-Wicher et al 2022). Cetylpyridinium-based mouthwash has also been found to markedly blunt increases in salivary and plasma NO2following an oral NO3load (Woessner et al 2016).…”