The Antimicrobial Activity of the Three Commercially Available Intense Sweeteners against Common Periodontal Pathogens: An in vitro Study

Abstract

Aim To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of three commercially available intense sweeteners against two common periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Materials and methods Three commercially available intense sweeteners namely saccharin, aspartame and sucralose were obtained and powdered. Necessary concentrations of the sweeteners were prepared by mixing them with an inert solvent. The antimicrobial efficacy was assessed using agar well diffusion technique. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results All the three sweeteners showed significant antimicrobial activity against the periodontal pathogens tested. Sucralose containing sucralose showed maximum zone of inhibition, against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Saccharin and aspartame containing saccharin and aspartame respectively, showed maximum zone of inhibition, against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Conclusion All the sweeteners used in this study have demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity. Therefore, these sweeteners could be recommended as an ideal alternative to sucrose. Clinical significance Dental caries and periodontal diseases are ubiquitous diseases of mankind caused by microorganisms. Dental caries is caused by sucrose. By altering the source like intense sweetener we can combat caries as well as with its antimicrobial properties against periodontopathic bacteria, we can reduce prevalence of periodontal diseases. How to cite this article Prashant GM, Patil RB, Nagaraj T, Patel VB. The Antimicrobial Activity of the Three Commercially Available Intense Sweeteners against Common Periodontal Pathogens: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012; 13(6):749-752.

Consumption of Nonnutritive Sweeteners during Pregnancy

“…Saccharin, Aspartame, and Sucralose have bacteriostatic impact on oral microorganisms. 21 Saccharin and Acesulfame-K invigorate adipogenesis through AKT (protein kinase B) flagging. 19 In human investigations, NNS has appeared to bring down BMI in overweight kids and incomprehensibly expands BMI in normal weight kids and builds the danger of metabolic disorder in grown-ups.…”

A Personalised Dietary Approach—A Way Forward to Manage Nutrient Deficiency, Effects of the Western Diet, and Food Intolerances in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…These have looked at their effects on secretion, absorption, gut motility, the microbiome and gastrointestinal symptoms [156,157,158,159,160]. Some studies imply that ASs have measurable effects on the oral/gut microbiota [155,161,162]. In one example, male rats were randomised into control and AS groups and were exposed to doses ranging from 1.1 to 11 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks (the USA Federal Drug Administration (FDA) acceptable daily intake for humans is 5 mg/kg/day).…”

“…However, further research in healthy human subjects continues to suggest that microbiota are adversely affected by ASs. Suez and colleagues showed that with 11 weeks of exposure to three common ASs, saccharin altered gut microbiota and induced glucose intolerance [161]. This indicates the need for more studies—particularly in humans—to elucidate the effects of ASs on microbiota [164,165,166].…”

To a Question on the Mechanism of the Antimicrobial Action of Ortho-Benzoic Sulfimide

“…After subsequent studies failed to confirm a link between o-benzoic sulfimide and bladder cancer in humans, saccharin was removed from the list of potential carcinogens in the year 2000 [17]. The current United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirms the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 15 milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (mg/kg bw/d) as safe in humans [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. During the same period, studies revealed a relationship between gut microbiome perturbed by saccharin and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in the liver [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

“…The current United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirms the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 15 milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (mg/kg bw/d) as safe in humans [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. During the same period, studies revealed a relationship between gut microbiome perturbed by saccharin and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in the liver [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Subsequent studies have shown that o-benzoic sulfimide and its derivatives in concentrations from 1 to 320 mg/mL may have different inhibitory efficiencies on different bacterial species in vitro and in vivo [20][21][22][23][24]28,29].…”