The Antimicrobial Property of Plasma Activated Liquids (PALs) against Oral Bacteria Streptococcus mutans

Plasma‐activated liquids for mitigating biofilms on food and food contact surfaces

“…In addition to the plasma system itself, plasma treatment time for PAW generation is closely related to the biofilm inactivation efficacy of PAW. Higher bacterial biofilm inactivation rates were achieved by longer treatment time due to greater physicochemical changes of PALs, including acidity and higher concentration of reactive species (Ercan et al, 2013;Handorf et al, 2020;Hong et al, 2021;Joshi et al, 2010;Los et al, 2020;Seo et al, 2019;Smet et al, 2019;Zhou et al, 2019). Smet et al (2019) mentioned that the highest PALs efficacy was obtained for a generation time of 30 min for both S. Typhimurium biofilms (3.9-log reduction) and L. monocytogenes biofilms (3.2-log reduction), which was higher than those PALs with 10 and 20 min activation time.…”

“…Smet et al (2019) mentioned that the highest PALs efficacy was obtained for a generation time of 30 min for both S. Typhimurium biofilms (3.9-log reduction) and L. monocytogenes biofilms (3.2-log reduction), which was higher than those PALs with 10 and 20 min activation time. In another study, different plasma treatment times (1-5 min) were applied to PBS and saline solutions resulting in increased H 2 O 2 concentration from 10 to 30 and 25 to 41 mg/L for plasma-activated PBS and PALs, respectively (Hong et al, 2021). Ghimire et al (2017) investigated the effect of various distances (from 1 to 4 mm) on the formation of RNS and OH species close to the water surface, and results showed that the OH concentration was reduced (from 6.10 × 10 15 to 1.35 × 10 15 cm -3 ), when the gap distance was increased (from 1 to 4 mm).…”

“…In recent studies, differences in inactivation efficiency toward plasma-treated solutions in treating different types/forms of microorganisms have been reported. Many studies have used various solutions to generate PALs to investigate their inactivation efficiency toward biofilm cells, including PBS (Hong et al, 2021;İbiş & Ercan, 2020;Joshi et al, 2010;Kwandou et al, 2018;Seo et al, 2019), saline solution (0.9%) (Bhatt et al, 2018;Chen et al, 2016;Hong et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2021), NAC (İbiş & Ercan, 2020), citrate solution (Chen et al, 2016), and a number of organic solutions, including glucose, cysteine, glycine, proline, methionine, threonine, glutamate, arginine, and heparin (Ercan et al, 2014). In the study of Ercan et al (2014), it was reported that the plasma-treated methionine solution was more efficient and significant in inhibiting the biofilms of all the bacterial strains tested (carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, MRSA, metallo-β-lactamase (NDM1)-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis) by preventing the formation of biofilms by 70% as compared to untreated ones.…”

“…3.2-and 3.9-log CFU/mL reduction for biofilms. (Flynn et al, 2016), L. mesenteroides (Kamgang-Youbi et al, 2009), L. monocytogenes, MRSA (Bhatt et al, 2018;Ercan et al, 2014;Kelar Tučeková et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2021), S. epidermidis (Bhatt et al, 2018;Kamgang-Youbi et al, 2009;Kelar Tučeková et al, 2021), S. aureus (Chen et al, 2016), Streptococcus mutans (Hong et al, 2021), S. Typhimurium (Smet et al, 2019;Sysolyatina et al, 2020), P. aeruginosa (Bhatt et al, 2018;Handorf et al, 2020;Kelar Tučeková et al, 2021), Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Seo et al, 2019), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (Ercan et al, 2014), metallo-βlactamase (NDM1)-positive K. pneumonia (Ercan et al, 2014), E. coli (Charoux et al, 2020;Flynn et al, 2016;Kelar Tučeková et al, 2021;Sysolyatina et al, 2020), and fungal biofilms S. cerevisiae (Kamgang-Youbi et al, 2009), E. faecalis (Ercan et al, 2014;Li et al, 2019;Pan et al, 2017), and C. albicans (Bhatt et al, 2018).…”

“…The increased resistance of biofilm to various antibiofilm treatments was reported in various studies. Hong et al (2021) studied the ability of plasma-activated PBS and 0.9% saline solution to disinfect S. mutans in both planktonic and biofilm forms. The overall results showed that PALs could inactivate 38% of the planktonic bacteria and induce 25% biofilm reduction.…”